Puning Temple

Puning Temple

Located in Chengde City, Hebei Province, Puning Temple was built in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty as a Sino Tibetan temple. The first half of the temple is Han style, which has the characteristics of traditional Buddhist temples of Han nationality; the second half is Tibetan style, which imitates sangyuan temple in Tibet, and integrates two different styles of architecture. The whole temple is magnificent, covering an area of about 23000 square meters. The main Buddha statue of Puning Temple is Avalokitesvara with thousands of hands and eyes. It is 27.21 meters high and is carved in gold lacquer wood

. The current host is guru Mo rigen

.

On December 29, 2018, it was named the Sixth Batch of national demonstration areas (units) for national unity and progress by the National People's commission.

Historical evolution

Puning Temple was built in 1755, the 20th year of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty. The Qing army put down the rebellion of taijidawaqi in Junggar Mongolia. In winter and October, the four Mongol tribes of erlut came to the summer resort to pay homage to Emperor Qianlong. In order to commemorate the alliance, Qianlong imitated Kangxi and kalka Mongol alliance to establish Duolun Huizong temple. The Qing government built the Lama Temple in the form of Samoye temple in Tibet.

In May of the 20th year of Qianlong (1760), the Qing government sent Bandi as a general to fight against the rebellion of dawaqi, the reactionary leader of the Mongolian Junggar tribe in erlut. The Qing army went directly to Yili in Xinjiang. Dawaqi fled to the south of Tianshan Mountain and was captured by huojisi, the leader of Uygur nationality, and was crushed into the Qing army camp. Amursana, another reactionary leader of Junggar, continued to rebel after he captured dawaqi in hojis and colluded with tsarist Russia and other external forces. When he was attacked by the powerful Qing army, amursana was defeated and fled to Russia. After two rebel armies were wiped out. In order to commemorate the two victories of anti rebellion, Qianlong held a banquet and knighthood for the upper class nobles of the four tribes of erlut (Junggar, durbert, Huiwu and shuozhuo) in Chengde summer resort. Because the Qing government believed in Tibetan Buddhism, it imitated sangyuan temple in Tibet and built the first royal temple of the Qing Dynasty, "Puning Temple" in the north of the resort.

In 1985, it was approved as a place for religious activities by the Religious Affairs Bureau of the State Council.

In 1994, it was approved as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO. The temple covers an area of 33000 square meters, with 29 halls, pavilions and other kinds of buildings. The pattern of the integration of the emperor and Buddha not only has the magnificent scale of the magnificent royal temple, but also is the holy land of Buddhism "the center of Mandala Buddha world".

In 2007, Puning Temple was rated as one of the first 5A Buddhist holy places in China.

architectural composition

Puning Temple is a typical Chinese Tibetan temple. The layout of the whole temple is rigorous, with the main hall as the boundary, which is divided into two parts. The first half is the traditional layout of the seven halls of Jialan (Jialan, the temple). The seven halls generally take the Shanmen hall, Tianwang hall and Daxiong hall as the central axis, with clock tower, Drum Tower and east-west hall built symmetrically. The second half is a Tibetan style Mandala built in the form of the Samoye temple in Tibet. Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva with thousands of hands and eyes is worshipped in the main building Mahayana Pavilion.

The main buildings of the temple are on the central axis, and the subsidiary buildings are symmetrically arranged on both sides. The main building, Daxiong hall, is a double-layer Xieshan style, known as the "nine ridges and ten dragons" hall. It is surrounded by murals and statues of the third Buddha and the eighteen Arhats. Both the front and back main buildings are built on the 1.4-meter-high stone Xumi platform. The platform in front of the hall is surrounded by exquisitely carved stone railings. In the middle of the steps is the stone carving art "Yunlong Shibi", and the four corners are the dragon's head. There are "Golden Dragon and seal" and "six character truth and seal" color paintings in the temple.

Main buildings

Tianwang Hall

Tianwang hall, with five rooms in width and three rooms in depth, is about 25 meters long and 15 meters wide. It has a single eaves on the top of the mountain. In the center of the hall, there is a cloth bag monk, commonly known as Dadu Maitreya Buddha. His image is kind, honest and smiling. On both sides are the statues of the four heavenly kings.

main hall

The main hall is seven rooms wide and five rooms deep. It is about 35 meters long and 25 meters wide. It has double eaves on the top of the mountain and is covered with glazed tiles with yellow roofs and green edges. A bronze gilded Lama tower is set on the top ridge. In the center of the hall is the third Buddha, and on both sides are the statues of the eighteen Arhats. On the walls of the hall are painted colorful murals of Buddhist stories, which are exquisite and vivid. The East-West side hall is five rooms wide and three rooms deep, with a single eaves resting on the top of the mountain.

Mahayana Pavilion

Mahayana Pavilion is the central building of Puning Temple. There are four Lama towers with different colors in the four corners. The Mahayana Pavilion is 36.75 meters high and has six double eaves. The pavilion is built with a standing statue of Avalokitesvara with thousands of hands and eyes. It is 22.28 meters high and is carved with pine, elm, fir, Tilia and other hard antiseptic wood. It weighs about 110 tons.

Cultural value

Puning Temple hopes that all ethnic groups in the country will "live in peace, work happily and live in Puning forever". Qianlong himself wrote the inscriptions "Puning Temple stele", "Pingding Zhunger stele inscribed on Ili", "Pingding Zhunger stele inscribed on Ili". The three steles are all written in Chinese, Manchu, Mongolian, Tibetan and other languages. Three huge steles stand in the pavilion of Puning Temple. Because the Qing government respected the beliefs of the ethnic minorities and put the unity of the ethnic groups in the first place.

Qianlong inherited the ancestral motto of "building a temple is better than raising 100000 soldiers", and achieved the goal of "combining the heart of internal and external, and forming a solid career". Puning Temple also became the main place for Tibet, Mongolia and the Qing government to contact directly in religious and political aspects. The sixth Panchen Lama stayed in Puning Temple when he went eastward to worship the emperor. Zhe buzun, the supreme leader of Mongolian Lamaism, as well as the princes of various ministries and Taiji, also regularly come to Puning Temple to worship. Ordinary monks and believers also traveled a long way to Puning Temple to worship Buddha. Puning Temple became a product of national unity and a link between the Qing government and ethnic minorities.

Cultural relics

There is a stele Pavilion in the middle of Puning Temple, in which there are three Royal steles (the inscription of Puning Temple, the stele of Pingding zhungeerle inscribing Yili and the stele of Pingding zhungeerle inscribing Yili). These three inscriptions respectively record the origin of the construction of Puning Temple, the beginning and end of the Qing government's pacification of dawaqi and amursana rebellion. They are all engraved in Manchu, Mongolian, Han and Tibetan Languages, which fully shows that China is a country with multi-ethnic unity and rich national culture.

Temple protection

In 1961, Puning Temple in Chengde was approved by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

On July 18, 2003, the fourth meeting of the Standing Committee of the Tenth People's Congress of Hebei Province passed the regulations on the protection and administration of Chengde summer resort and surrounding temples, protecting Puning Temple and other buildings through legislation.

On August 15, 2014, the ancient building protection and repair project of Puning Temple was completed. According to the process of the Qing Dynasty, the cultural relic is repaired as old as before, which reproduces the style of the ancient buildings more than 200 years ago. The protection and repair of the ancient buildings of Puning Temple includes all the ancient buildings, such as the Mountain Gate of Puning Temple, Tianwang hall, bell and Drum Tower, Daxiong hall, Mahayana Pavilion, four major continents and eight minor continents. The project officially started to repair at the end of 2012, which is also the third comprehensive and systematic protective maintenance of Puning Temple after the founding of new China.

In June 2017, domestic experts in urban planning, cultural relic protection, architecture and landscape design reviewed the "urban design of the plot south of Puning Temple in Chengde" in Beijing. Experts believe that the design meets the requirements of the master plan, the famous city and the cultural relics protection plan, and unanimously agrees that the plan has passed the review. The south side of Puning Temple is located in the core hinterland of the summer resort and waibamiao scenic area. It is adjacent to Puning Temple in the north, Wulie River in the south, Puning road in the West and Anyuan road in the East, covering an area of 24.4 hectares. According to the design, the south side of Puning Temple will be introduced into the Central Lake area, which will continue the axis of Puning Temple, open up the landscape corridor, set up public cultural building nodes, reshape the rich architectural texture, create a pleasant Street courtyard space, integrate Chengde's multi culture, form a spatial pattern of "one core, one axis, six areas and multi nodes", and lay a foundation for regional urban construction cultural style basal.

Eminent monks of all ages

Master zongkaba: he was born in Huangzhong County, Qinghai Province on October 10, 1357. At the age of 7, he cut his hair and became a monk. At the age of 16, he went to Tibet to study and preach Buddhist scriptures. He became famous at the age of 36. At the age of 42, he became more and more intelligent. He was well versed in Xianmi scriptures and gradually formed his own Buddhist ideology. In 1409, the first Gelug temple, Tibet's Gadan temple, was built, marking the formal establishment of the Gelug Sect.

Murigentu: Mongolian nationality, from Wulan County, Qinghai Province, born in 1968. At the age of 8, he became a monk in Dulan Temple of Wulan county from the eighth danjinhu tugetu living Buddha. He returned to Puning Temple in 2003 and was recognized as the Deputy abbot of Puning Temple by hamur living Buddha, the Abbot of Puning Temple in 2004. On May 24, 2006, the living Buddha hamur, the abbot of Puning Temple, the living Buddha qinze, sera temple and the living Buddha Jiayi of Tiantang temple were jointly identified as the Vajra guru, and the ascension ceremony of Vajra guru was held. On August 12, 2010, the 11th Panchen Lama Erdeni quejijeb was promoted to be the second abbot of Puning Temple since 1985. He was handed down by the living Buddha hamur of Puning Temple according to the Tibetan Buddhist rituals.

buddhist service

Chinese PinYin : Pu Ning Si