site of the Upper Capital of Liao Dynasty
Liaoshangjing site is located in the southeast suburb of Balinzuoqi, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Southeast of Lindong town. It is the site of Shangjing, the founding capital of Liao Dynasty of Qidan regime in ancient China
. Shangjing was the capital of Qidan at the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic of China. It was the political, economic and cultural center of the Liao Dynasty. As the capital of the Liao Dynasty, Shangjing was gradually abandoned in the Yuan Dynasty after more than 200 years. It was one of the grassland capitals that had been used for a long time in the history of China. There are residual walls of the Imperial City, carved style foundations and a large number of precious cultural relics
.
The Shangjing site of Liao Dynasty is composed of two parts: the Imperial City in the north and the Seoul in the south. Its plane is slightly in the shape of "Ri", with a total area of about 5 square kilometers
. The imperial city is where the palace government office is located, and it is the residence of the imperial relatives and nobles
. Liao Shangjing plays an important role in the military, politics and economy of Liao state
.
On March 4, 1961, liaoshangjing site was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council of the people's Republic of China
.
Historical evolution
In the 15th year of Tianyou reign of the Southern Wu Dynasty (918), it was built in Shangjing
.
In 1120, Shangjing was captured by Jin people
.
In the early Yuan Dynasty, Shangjing was abandoned
.
In 1962, the cultural relics and Archaeology team of Inner Mongolia explored and excavated the Shangjing site of Liao Dynasty
.
In 2011, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region jointly conducted the first systematic archaeological excavation of the liaoshangjing site, covering an area of more than 2000 square meters
.
In 2012, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region jointly excavated the Buddhist temple site on the Western hillside of the imperial city of liaoshangjing site, which won the title of "national top ten new archaeological discoveries" in 2012
.
In 2013, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region jointly excavated Nanmen Street, the palace city of liaoshangjing site
.
In 2015, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region jointly carried out the archaeological exploration and excavation of the imperial city and palace city of liaoshangjing site
.
From June to October 2016, the second inner Mongolia team of Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region jointly carried out archaeological excavation or trial excavation on the South Gate site of liaoshangjing Palace City, the South Gallery site of No.2 courtyard and the inner street site of the east gate of Huangcheng
.
Site features
Scale layout
The Shangjing site of Liao Dynasty is composed of two parts: the Imperial City in the north and the Seoul in the south. Its plane is slightly in the shape of "Ri", with a total area of about 5 square kilometers
. The central axis of Shangjing site of Liao Dynasty is east-west, which shows that the East is respected. The main buildings symmetrically distributed along the East axis in the imperial city of Shangjing in Liao Dynasty include: the east gate of the Imperial City, the east gate of the palace city, No.1 courtyard veranda and its main hall, No.2 courtyard veranda and a group of large-scale East-West architectural courtyards and the East-West Road sites running through them, which are arranged along the east-west axis. The width of the road from the east gate of the imperial city to the east gate of the palace city in the Liao Dynasty was not less than 40 meters, and the width of the North-South street running through the South Gate of the palace city in the Liao Dynasty was about 20 meters. The west gate of the imperial city and the palace city in Shangjing of Liao Dynasty are single gate roads, while the east gate of the imperial city and the palace city are three gates, which shows that the level of the east gate is higher. There are Confucian temples, Buddhist temples and Taoist temples in the capital of Liaoshang
.
City wall gate
The plane of the wall of the imperial city is irregular square, and the palace city is located in the east of the central part of the imperial city
. There are three gateways in the east gate of the imperial city. The middle gate is seriously damaged, and the gateways on both sides are well preserved. The foundation of the gateways and a large number of fire collapsed brick and wood components still exist
. The west gate and the north gate of the imperial city are of single gate pattern; the east gate of the palace city is of hall type with a width of 5 rooms, while the south gate and the west gate of the palace city are of single gate pattern. Although the south gate and the west gate of the palace city were added with piers and abutments in the Liao Dynasty, the shape and structure of the gate buildings changed, but the pattern of the single gate road remained unchanged in the Liao Dynasty
.
The South Gate of liaoshangjing palace city is located in the middle of the south wall of the palace city, which is slightly to the West. The South Gate Street (No.1 Street) runs through it. The South Gate site of the palace city is composed of three parts: the piers on the East and west sides, the single gate road in the middle and the horse road on the inner side (north side) of the boarding pier. The rammed earth pier is well preserved. The West Pier is 11.8 meters long from north to south, 6.7 meters wide from east to west, 2.1 meters to 3 meters high All sides of the abutment are covered with bricks, only a few layers at the bottom of the abutment are preserved, and the stone foundation at the bottom of the brick is well preserved. In the middle of the East and West rammed earth piers and abutments, there is a single gateway, which is about 7.8m wide. In situ preservation of general stone, stone threshold and anvil stone and other facilities. The stone gate limit is divided into East and West sections by the general stone in the middle. There are two deep grooves on the stone gate limit in the east section, which are connected with the rutting marks on the road soil in the gateway. The construction method of the gate foundation on both sides of the gateway is that the stone column foundation is paved with wood floor, and the row of cross columns are erected on it. There are 6 stone pillars on each side, that is, 5 deep gates. Traces of multi-layer pavement were found in the doorway. On the south side of the general stone in the middle of the gateway, a buried pit was found to break the original road surface. Two complete dog skeletons and two sheep skulls were found in the pit. The two dogs lay on their sides, with their heads crossed, their bodies half curled along the pit, and their heads enclosed in the center. It is about 10 meters long from east to west, 1.2-1.5 meters wide from north to south, and 1.2 meters high. The outer side wall of the raceway is covered with brick, and the bottom part is covered with stone and brick, which is the same as the pier side wall. According to the rammed earth ruins and the collapsed brick and tile accumulation inside and outside the gate, we can see that there is a wooden gate building on the city gate. A row of column holes along the depth direction were found on the rammed earth table of the West Pier, and now there are three. Among them, there are foundation stones at the bottom of the column holes on both sides of the South and the north, and the bottom of the foundation stone is about equal to the rammed earth ground of the pier and abutment. There is still a shallow hole between the two plinths, and there is no plinth. According to the space between the column holes and the damage degree of rammed earth, there should be four column holes, that is, the wooden gate building on the pier or its flat seat adopts the method of Yongding column, which may be the layout of three Bay deep column network
.
The South Gate of the palace city was built four times in Liao Dynasty. At the beginning of the construction, there was no pier protruding from the city wall, only a notch was set on the south wall of the palace city, and a column hole was found on both sides of the gateway near the wall of the city wall to break the original road surface. In the second construction, rammed earth piers and abutments were expanded inside and outside the city walls on both sides of the gateway, and the four walls of the piers and abutments were plastered with yellow mud. Close to the inner side of the city wall, there is a horse way to climb the pier. Stone column foundation, wooden floor and row cross column foundation were used in the gateway. The third and the fourth construction were built in different periods, and the old rammed earth piers and abutments were cut and repaired. The difference was that the side walls of the third construction were coated with lime skin, while the side walls of the fourth construction were wrapped with bricks based on stones, and the side walls of the raceway were also wrapped with bricks. According to the stratigraphic relationship and unearthed relics, the first time to build the South Gate of the palace city should be in the early Liao Dynasty; the second time to add piers and wooden gatehouses, which is consistent with the "youloulu" of the gate in Liao history, may be related to the "bichengtianmen" of Liao Taizong in Liao history · geographical records. In the Jin Dynasty, the south gate and walls of the palace city in the upper capital of Liao Dynasty were completely overlapped by small houses, and the palace city pattern was completely abandoned, only the Nanmen Street (No.1 Street) continued to be used.
Site distribution
The site of No.2 palace court in Shangjing of Liao Dynasty is located on the central axis of the east gate of Imperial City, the east gate of palace city and No.1 palace court, and on the west side (rear side) of No.1 palace court. The site of No. 2 courtyard is symmetrically distributed along the central axis. The eastern part of the courtyard has a clear pattern, while the western part of the courtyard is poorly preserved and its shape is unknown. The South Gallery site of the courtyard is a rammed earth building with a rammed earth platform foundation about 12.2 meters deep from east to west. A row of 4 piers with three bays was found in the depth direction. The width of the interval is about 4.8 meters, and the width of the interval is about 2.4 meters. It is consistent with the architectural form of veranda around No.1 courtyard.
The site of neidajie street in the east gate of imperial city is located between the east gate of imperial city and the east gate of palace city. The street site was built three times. The earliest pavement construction (No. L3) was built on the raw soil, with grayish brown gravel soil as bedding soil. The residual width of the pavement is 43.5m, and the thickness is about 0.05m. There is a shallow trench in the south. In the second construction (No. L2), most of the pavement is L3 pavement, and some of them are filled with soil to form a new pavement, which contains more stones. Nine ruts were found on the road. The residual width of the road is about 40 meters. For the third construction (No. L1), the pavement of L2 or L3 is used, and the gray brown sand and stone pavement is formed by local dressing. It contains more stones and less animal bones. According to the stratigraphic relationship and unearthed relics, L3 should be built at the same time as the east gate of the palace, which was used in the early Liao Dynasty; L2 and L1 were used and repaired. The lower limit of L1 can be reached at least in the Late Jin Dynasty
.
Cultural relics
The Liao Dynasty relics unearthed from the Shangjing site mainly consist of building components such as tiles, tube tiles, plate tiles and grooved bricks; the Jin Dynasty relics include cloth shoes, pottery, porcelain, copper and iron ware, copper coins and brick and tile building components
. There are more than 60000 copper coins unearthed from a cellar in the Han City of liaoshangjing, mainly in the Tang and Song Dynasties, including 11 coins of nine kinds. A stone statue of Guanyin was unearthed in the southeast of the imperial city
. In the southwest corner of the Imperial City, the Western hillside architectural sites were excavated and cleaned up, including well preserved paving tiles, stone pillar foundations, and dozens of strange long stones, and nearly 10000 copper coins were unearthed
Chinese PinYin : Liao Shang Jing Yi Zhi
site of the Upper Capital of Liao Dynasty
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