Qing Xiling

Qing Xiling

The Western Royal Tombs of the Qing Dynasty is located at the foot of Yongning mountain, 15km west of lianggezhuang, Yi County, Baoding City, Hebei Province,

More than 98 kilometers from Beijing

. The Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty is the site of the mausoleums of the four emperors since Yongzheng. It was built in 1730 and completed in 1915, 185 years ago. It is an ancient royal mausoleum group with the largest scale, the most complete preservation and the most complete types of mausoleum buildings.

There are 14 tombs in the west of Qing Dynasty, including Tai mausoleum in Yongzheng, Chang mausoleum in Jiaqing, Mu mausoleum in Daoguang, Chong mausoleum in Guangxu, and three rear mausoleums. In addition, there are 14 mausoleums, including huaiwang mausoleum, Gongzhuling mausoleum, agoling mausoleum and wangyeling mausoleum. Its architectural form reflects the feudal rules and regulations. The imperial mausoleum and the rear mausoleum are covered with yellow glazed tiles, while the imperial concubines, princesses and princes' dormitories are covered with green glazed tiles or grey cloth tiles.

The West Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty covers an area of more than 800 square kilometers

With a construction area of more than 50000 square meters, there are more than 1000 palaces and more than 100 stone sculptures and stone buildings.

The Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty is basically built in accordance with the architectural style of the mausoleum of the emperors and empresses of the Ming Dynasty. It is based on the practice of honest officials, strictly abides by the strict hierarchy system, and does not adhere to the canon system, so it has strong creativity.

There are many colored paintings and carvings in the West Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty. In palaces, there are many colored paintings of twists and turns. In temples, there are many colored paintings of Hexi. In palaces and residences, there are many colored paintings of Su style. The whole architectural complex reflects the superb level and national style of architectural art in Qing Dynasty.

In 1961, the Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty was listed in the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council,

In November 2000, the Western Tomb of the Qing Dynasty was listed as a world cultural heritage and World Heritage list by the 24th World Heritage Committee. In January 2001, it was rated as one of the first national AAAA scenic spots. On December 31, 2019, the Ministry of culture and tourism designated the Qing Xiling as a national 5A scenic spot.

Historical evolution

Heyday of construction

The Western Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty was built in 1730. In 1730, Emperor Yongzheng chose it as the site of the mausoleum. The site of Yongzheng's mausoleum was originally chosen in Chaoyang mountain, Jiufeng mausoleum in the east of Qing Dynasty, but he thought that "although the scale is large, the shape is not complete, and the soil in the cave is with sand and stone, which is not available." so he abandoned the original site and ordered to choose another "ten thousand year auspicious land". Those who chose the site of the mausoleum said that at the foot of Yongning mountain in Yixian County is "a place where heaven and earth gather and where Yin and Yang meet. There is no beauty in the sand and water of the Dragon Cave. The situation is rational, and all good things are ready. " Emperor Yongzheng was very happy after reading the music. He also thought that "the mountains and waters are well-organized, and they are the land of good fortune.". Since then, the Qing emperors have been buried in the eastern and Western tombs of Zunhua and Yi county.

In 1739, Emperor Qianlong chose this site for his son Yonglian (crown prince Duanhui), but later abandoned it.

In the first year of Jiaqing (1796), after emperor Jiaqing ascended the throne, according to the order of Emperor Qianlong, he built Mausoleums in the eastern and Western mausoleums. According to the mausoleum site selected by Emperor Qianlong, the construction began in the year of his accession to the throne, and was completed in the eighth year of Jiaqing (1803).

This is the second emperor's Mausoleum built in the Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, the garden dormitory of emperor Jiaqing's 17 concubines was built and completed. In June 1808, Emperor Jiaqing discovered that there was a quality problem in the Changling project. Due to the heavy rain for several months, leakage occurred in several buildings. Emperor Jiaqing immediately sent someone to check. After inspection, it was found that almost all the buildings in Changling had engineering quality problems. Jiaqingdi was followed by a two-year overhaul.

Decline period

From 1832 to 1836, Emperor Daoguang built the mausoleum. The mausoleum was built under the leadership of Mu zhang'a, a minister who was very popular for a time. In the site selection, Mu mausoleum chose longquanyu, the place of Gaoping, to learn from the water seepage of baohuayu mausoleum in Dongling mausoleum.

Emperor Xianfeng originally chose Jinlongyu and longquanyu in the Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, but later chose longquanyu in the eastern mausoleum. Empress Dowager Cixi chose Jinlongyu in the west of Qing Dynasty and shuangshanyu in the east of Qing Dynasty to choose the mausoleum for emperor Tongzhi. But later, Empress Dowager Cixi destroyed the Zhaomu system established by Emperor Qianlong and chose shuangshanyu in the east of Qing Dynasty as the mausoleum for emperor Tongzhi.

Chongling Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty was built in 1909 and completed in 1915. In 1938, Chongling underground palace was stolen.

After the founding of the people's Republic of China

After the founding of the people's Republic of China and the establishment of the Xiling cultural relics storage center in 1954, the principle of "not changing the original state" (i.e. making the best efforts to preserve the authenticity of cultural relics) was strictly observed in the daily maintenance and protection. Based on the authentic documents and Archives, the design, materials, technology, layout and other aspects of Xiling cultural relics storage center maintained the historical authenticity, without adding a building Buildings, large wooden structures, regulations, and even doors, windows, and leaves remained intact, becoming samples for repairing and visiting Mausoleums in the Qing Dynasty. At the same time of protecting the main body of the building, we also paid attention to the protection of the surrounding environment, which basically did not change the environmental relationship. The intact preservation of more than 15000 ancient pine trees in Berlin is a true portrayal of the environmental features of the Qing Xiling.

The Western Tomb of Qing Dynasty was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council in 1961, and officially opened to the public in 1980.

In November 2000, the Western Qing mausoleum and the Eastern Qing mausoleum were listed as world cultural heritage by the 24th World Heritage Committee.

From the first construction of the Tai mausoleum in 1730 to the completion of Chongling mausoleum in 1915, the Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty has built 4 Imperial Mausoleums, 3 rear mausoleums, 7 gardens for princes, princesses and concubines, burying 80 people, including 4 emperors, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Guangxu, 9 empresses, 56 concubines, princesses and princesses. With a construction area of more than 50000 square meters, there are more than 1000 palaces and more than 100 stone sculptures and stone buildings.

geographical environment

The Western Tomb of Qing Dynasty is located between 115 ° 13 '- 115 ° 25'e and 39 ° 20' - 39 ° 25'n. At the foot of Yongning mountain, 15 kilometers west of Yi County, Baoding City, Hebei Province, it is more than 120 kilometers away from Beijing.

The Xiling of Qing Dynasty is a hilly land with high northwest and low southeast in the region. It is the birthplace of Beiyishui river with undulating hills, luxuriant trees and crisscross rivers. The highest altitude is 1121m. It is surrounded by mountains and peaks. In the East, there is the old city site of Yanxia capital more than 2300 years ago. In the west, it looks at the Zijingguan pass, in the north, it sleeps Yongning mountain, and now it reaches the Yishui river.

architectural composition

Overall scale

There are large-scale and complete ancient buildings in the West Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty. In the mausoleum area with a radius of 200 Li and an area of 800 square kilometers, there is the largest artificial ancient pine forest in North China. Since the establishment of the mausoleum, the Qing Dynasty has planted tens of thousands of pine trees at the foot of Yongning mountain, on the Bank of Yishui River, inside and outside the mausoleum. There are 15000 ancient pines and more than 200000 young cypresses.

There are more than 1000 palace buildings and more than 100 ancient buildings and sculptures in the mausoleum area. Each mausoleum strictly follows the imperial mausoleum building system of the Qing Dynasty. The mausoleum of the emperor, the mausoleum of the queen and the mausoleum of the prince are covered with yellow glazed tiles, while the mausoleum of the imperial concubine, the princess and the elder brother are covered with green glazed tiles. These different architectural forms show different landscapes and styles.

There are 14 Mausoleums in the west of Qing Dynasty, including 4 Imperial Mausoleums: tailing (Emperor Yongzheng), Changling (emperor Jiaqing), Muling (Emperor Daoguang) and Chongling (Emperor Guangxu); 3 rear mausoleums: Taidong mausoleum, Changxi mausoleum and Mudong mausoleum; 3 Imperial Mausoleums and 4 other mausoleums (huaiwang mausoleum, Gongzhuling mausoleum, agoling mausoleum, Wangye mausoleum, etc.). There were more than 70 people buried, including 4 emperors, 9 queens, 56 concubines, princesses and princesses.

Mausoleum layout

In the west of Qing Dynasty, all the mausoleums share the ancestral hill, stone archway and dahongmen, surrounded by Fengshui walls, fire paths and boundary stakes. The layout of the mausoleum has its own owners and subordinates. The Queen's Mausoleum and the Imperial Palace's Mausoleum are centered on the mausoleum of the emperor of the current Dynasty. They are divided into two parts, forming a district of their own, reflecting the affiliation and indicating the meaning of accompanying. The Shinto of each imperial mausoleum is connected with the Shinto of the main mausoleum, and the Shinto of the later mausoleum is connected with the Shinto of the imperial mausoleum of this dynasty, forming a branch like Shinto network. These characteristics are not possessed by the Imperial Mausoleums of previous dynasties before the Qing Dynasty. The whole western Qing mausoleum area is centered on the Tai Mausoleum of Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty. In the West are the Changling Mausoleum of emperor Renzong of the Qing Dynasty and the Mu Mausoleum of Emperor Xuanzong of the Qing Dynasty. In the East are the Chongling Mausoleum of emperor Dezong of the Qing Dynasty, the Puyi Mausoleum, the dormitory of a Ge and princess, and Yongfu temple.

Cultural relics

Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty

Architectural form

Zongtai Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, located in the center of the mausoleum area of the west of the Qing Dynasty, is the earliest and largest building in the west of the Qing Dynasty. The rest of the mausoleums are distributed in the East and West. The first Mausoleum of the Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty is the tomb of Emperor Yongzheng, empress xiaojingxian and empress dunsu. Located under the main peak of Yongning mountain, it was built in 1730.

 

The Shinto of the tailing mausoleum is made of three layers of huge bricks. More than 40 buildings of different sizes are distributed from south to north. The first building is a multi arch five hole bridge entering the mausoleum area

Chinese PinYin : Qing Xi Ling