Hulunbeier vice governor Yamen

Hulunbeier vice governor Yamen

The deputy Dutong Yamen in Hulunbuir was founded in 1732 (the 10th year of Yongzheng) and ended in 1932 when the puppet Manchuria state was founded. It has been the highest Yamen in Hulunbuir area with military and political functions for 200 years.

origin

Before the establishment of deputy Dutong Yamen in Hulunbuir, Hulunbuir area was not only sparsely populated, but also without villages and towns. After the signing of the Treaty of nebuchu between China and Russia, the strategic position of Hulunbuir on the border between China and Russia has become more and more important. In order to consolidate the border defense, the Qing government decided to set up Hulunbuir vice governor Yamen to govern the newly established "Eight Banners of solun" and "Eight Banners of new balhu" in the next two years. With the establishment of Hulunbuir vice Dutong yamen, the construction of Hailar, a grassland City, began.

The ancient Chinese urban construction was mostly influenced by the geomantic omen theory. Yamen was the master of a city, and should be located in the center of the city. Therefore, the original construction of Hulunbuir vice Dutong yamen "the former site is outside the west gate of the city, by the north and west of the sun of Shashan", and the specific location should be in the south of today's Hailaer Xishan Park. This design idea of facing south from the north and governing in the middle takes the South as the center and the center as the respect. It requires that the main buildings of yamen, such as the lobby and the second hall, must be concentrated on a north-south central axis, and meet the needs of office and residence according to the layout of "wenzuo Wuyou" and "qianya Houdi". According to the concept of "no water in a good place", the Yamen should be built at a high place, near the mountain and near the water. Only in this way can it have the meaning of controlling the overall situation from a high position and prevent floods. At that time, the vice governor yamen of Hulunbuir was backed by the Xishan highland and the evergreen Zhangzi pine forest. Next to the Yimin River, which flowed day and night, it was really a rare "geomantic treasure land".

Architectural features

In 1732, when the Qing government immigrated to Shibian, it initially considered building a city in zharomude, which is now near Hailar. Later, due to the early frost in zharomude area, the left bank of Yimin River (now the Hexi District of Hailaer city) was re explored. At that time, "earth houses were built as enclosure", "earth barriers were built between the gaps of the walls, and the height of the barrier was about Zhang", and the enclosure was more than 4 Li, which was called "Hulunbeier city". "In the 27th year of Daoguang, two North and South gates were built, and brick buildings were built on them. A middle gate was built in the middle of the street, and the East and West gates were built with wooden bars at the beginning. In the third year of Guangxu, the Tuping gate was renovated and the central gate was removed. There were two North and South streets in the city, one east and West Street, and four streets outside the city.

”The setting of Yamen at all levels in the Qing Dynasty, from the architectural layout to the internal structure, were very different because of their different levels and functions. According to the Qing government, "all civil and military officials in all provinces set up government offices. Their system included the main hall and the second hall, the gate and the instrument gate outside, the inner room and the group room for banquets, and the section room for officials. Those with large officials have regulations, while those with small officials are reduced in turn. " The Qing government also stipulated that officials were not allowed to build houses in the form of Xieshan corner, double eaves and double arches. Therefore, most of the Yamen in the mainland were not as magnificent as people imagined, but were relatively simple, so that the saying that "officials do not build yamen" was widely spread. However, in Hulunbuir, a once desolate and remote area, the construction of Hulunbuir vice Dutong yamen, which has begun to take shape, marks the birth of a new grassland City, and its historical role can not be underestimated.

Historical change

About the construction scale of Hulunbeier's vice Du Tong yamen, Hulunbeier's first chronicle book "Hulunbeier Chronicle" has detailed records. We can learn from it that before 1900 (the 26th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu) when the deputy Dutong yamen of Hulunbeier was destroyed by the Russian troops in the northeast, the Yamen building had begun to take shape and its various functions were relatively complete.

Hulunbuir's deputy governor yamen belongs to the military government system, and its position and function are relatively special. The deputy governor is controlled by Heilongjiang general. In today's words, its rank is equivalent to that of deputy provincial. When the Yamen was first set up, it was appointed by the capital and the vice governor. In 1743 (the eighth year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong), the vice capital was set up as a general manager. In 1880 (the sixth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), the vice capital was set up. In 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), the military was replaced by the military and led by the Daojia ginseng. In 1912 (the first year of the Republic of China), Taoism was abolished. In 1915 (the fourth year of the Republic of China), the vice governor was established. In 1920 (the ninth year of the Republic of China), the Hulunbeier special region was abolished, and the county and the banner were divided. The vice governor (appointed by the president) was controlled by the Heilongjiang governor, and all the others followed the old system, except for Chen Balihu, who was appointed by the president. Hulunbuir deputy Dutong government office is a typical traditional Chinese building with simple and simple architectural style. From top to bottom on both sides of the main gate of the Yamen office, it is written in Manchu and Chinese that "this and vice Du Tong yamen was built on June 9, the ninth year of the Republic of China". Deputy Dutong and his subordinates all wore Manchu official uniforms, horseshoe sleeves, flat bottomed boots, and leather robes. "Hulun Buir Chronicles" records: "the old Hulun Road Department, south of the west gate of the city, was built in the 33rd year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, surrounded by brick walls and 72 tile houses. It is now borrowed by the vice governor. Mengqi school is set up in Xiyuan. The old Hulun hall was built in front of the old road department. It was built at the same time with the road department. It has 54 tile roofed houses. Now it is borrowed by the Deputy metropolitan office and the left and right halls. The eastern court set up the Mongolian Banner money Bureau By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, with Hulunbeier's deputy Dutong yamen as the center, this area not only became Hulunbeier's political center, but also gradually formed an economic and educational center. Guifu (1860-1941), deputy capital of Hulunbeier, petitioned on January 6, 1920 to abolish the "Hulunbeier special zone" and the "Sino Russian joint Hulunbeier conditions". The Beijing government accepted this request, and formally appointed Guifu as the Deputy capital of "Mengqi old government" in February of the same year, adding the Title of Beizi. Another example is Cheng De (1875-1932), a former Vice Minister of foreign affairs of Outer Mongolia, who restored and translated the secret history of Mongolia into modern Mongolian. In January 1920, he, together with the relevant personnel in the Deputy Department of Metropolitan Statistics, sent a telegram to the Heilongjiang provincial governor's office and the Beijing government, requesting the abolition of the "Hulunbeier special area" and the "Sino Russian joint Hulunbeier conditions". Because he was "the first to propose the abolition of Hulunbeier special zone" and "slightly different from ordinary achievements", he was granted the title of zhenguogong with the approval of the Mongolian and Tibetan court of the Republic of China. The "Eight Banners of Suolun" and "Eight Banners of new baluhu" under Hulunbeier's deputy Dutong were stationed in Hulunbeier according to the unified deployment of the Qing government, which had the nature of paramilitary forces, which was essentially different from the flag under the league flag system. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty may not have expected that this special flag system in Hulunbeier had strong vitality, especially in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China until the establishment of the puppet Manchuria state. This flexible eight flag system has been preserved in Hulunbeier for decades, which is also a very rare special phenomenon in other places. On June 27, 1932, after the puppet Manchukuo promulgated the official system of Xing'an Province, it abolished Hulunbeier's deputy Dutong Yamen and the system of solun's eight banners. The history of Hulunbeier's deputy Dutong yamen came to an end.

Internal settings

There are ten halls in the Yamen. The first hall is called Chuantang, which is the entrance and exit of the Yamen scenic spot, the ticket office and the security and monitoring room.

The second hall is called "archives room", which is the archives room where documents and materials are stored today. Now the archives room is the exhibition hall of Yamen scenic spots. It mainly introduces the background of the establishment of yamen, the functions and jurisdiction of yamen, and the evolution of Yamen.

The third hall was named "Tang Si", which was later changed into the office of the secretary. Tang Si was mainly in charge of the official seal of deputy Du Tong. When the documents were submitted in the name of deputy Du Tong or the external contact documents were submitted by the left and right departments, they were handed over to Deputy Du Tong for review and approval, and then returned to each department for writing. Then, pen pasted, he took the key from Deputy Du Tong, opened the seal box, sealed the key, and put the key back to each department Return it to the vice governor.

The fourth hall, named "Zuoshi", was later changed into the left hall. It is in charge of financial revenue planning, education, household registration, deputy Du Tong yamen administrators and the salaries of flag soldiers in special schools. There are five exhibition halls.

The fifth hall is called the "Hall", which is the office of the vice governor. In the middle is the office of the deputy Dutong. On the left is the place where the deputy Dutong meets with senior military officials and local officials. On the left is the place where the deputy Dutong meets with foreign guests and famous businessmen.

The sixth hall is called Yousi. He is in charge of land and water management, law enforcement, handling cases, appointing and dismissing local officials, taking charge of conscription, weapons and ammunition, army and horse pay. Apply for travel business license in pastoral areas, collect taxes, etc.

Other temples are used for other purposes.

Address: east side of the South Gate of the ancient city, Hailaer street, Hulunbuir City

Longitude: 119.7452615829

Latitude: 49.2076077011

Ticket information: market price: 30.0 yuan

Chinese PinYin : Hu Lun Bei Er Fu Dou Tong Ya Men