Zhang Wenyu's former residence

Zhang Wenyu's former residence

Zhang Wenyu's former residence is located in Huaguang lane, Chicheng street, Chengguan town. It is the reading place of Zhang Wenyu, the Minister of industry in Ming Dynasty. In the heyday of the former residence, the style of "santui Jiuming hall" was recorded locally, which was composed of three main rooms, nine halls, three courtyards, four lanes and six to ten small courtyards. Zhang Wenyu is an important construction manager in the Ming Dynasty. His old house is a traditional residential building in the Ming Dynasty with garden style, which has important value for its protection.

Basic introduction

Former residence of Zhang Wenyu (provincial cultural relics protection unit)

Ming and Qing Dynasties

Time of publication: March 16, 2005

Zhang Wenyu (1578-1655), a native of MaoYuan (today's e garden) village in Tiantai, was born in Zhou Dynasty. He was ordered to supervise the construction of Huangji, Zhongji and Taiji. After resigning, he returned home and wrote the collection of Duyu Pavilion.

history

Zhang Wenyu's former residence was built in the late Ming Dynasty, known as "Eighteen". The former residence was built after Zhang Wenyu resigned. There are five existing courtyards. In the heyday of the former residence, the style of "santui Jiuming hall" was recorded locally, which was composed of three main rooms, nine halls, three courtyards, four lanes and six to ten small courtyards.

characteristic

There are three obvious characteristics in the combination of building communities: first, the center is prominent. There are three groups of courtyards preserved in Zhang Wenyu's former residence. Each courtyard has a single building independent of other buildings, which has become the "finishing touch" of this group of buildings. It not only highlights the importance of its function, but also makes the relatively flat building shape unified. This is most obvious in the study and the flower hall. The former takes the triple eaves "Sanyi Pavilion" as the main body, with elegant and dignified form,

It is where the master studies. The flower hall courtyard is a front flower hall and back residence, with "Duyu Pavilion" as the main body. Its form is Xieshan, with a small bridge, pool and garden in front. The environment is elegant and comfortable. It is a place for the host to meet the guests and sing poems for entertainment. Second, centripetal enclosure. Each courtyard is surrounded by each other, and each courtyard is composed of four or three surrounding buildings. Centripetal architecture reflects the traditional Chinese family concept, which is strongly influenced by the feudal patriarchal system. Mature scale and spatial arrangement make the building strictly distinguish the internal and external space, orderly, symmetrical, isolated from the outside, and have its own world. Third, the central axis should be emphasized. Take the flower hall courtyard as an example. The entrance from the south gate is a long corridor, passing through the moon cave gate, through the small bridge to Duyu Pavilion, out of the middle hall of the flower hall, through the back patio, and up to the lobby. The surrounding architectural form, column network layout, even flowers and plants, Dou Gong, que Ti, carving and so on are relatively symmetrical layout considering the central axis. Moreover, because it is a private house, it is different from the imperial palace or the government, and some places are not absolutely symmetrical. For example, there are differences in the Bay, depth, door and window practices of the two side houses.

building structure

The former residence of Zhang Wenyu basically adopts the method of lifting beams. That is to say, the column on the roof foundation is generally between 16 and 26 cm in diameter, with appropriate thickness. The beam is supported on the column, and the short column (Shu column) is placed on the beam, and the beam is supported on it. The purlin is supported on both ends of the beam, which has larger space but uses more materials. It should be said that this is in line with the local status of Zhang Wenyu's former residence and the rich local forest resources

History. Some houses with smaller Bay and depth also adopt the bucket structure. As one of the most obvious features of Chinese ancient architecture, the roof is also more complex to be used in Zhang Wenyu's former residence, but it still has the characteristics of outstanding emphasis, rigorous and easy combination. "Sanyi Pavilion" with triple eaves hanging on the top of the mountain, and the purlin head of the two mountains out of the gable about five rafters, the ridge at both ends slightly up, making the building solemn and elegant, function and form perfect unity. Duyu Pavilion, on the other hand, adopts the practice of mountain rest, which is common in southern gardens. It is elegant and focused. It is closely related to the surrounding bridges, pools, rockeries, flowers and plants, which fully embodies the traditional Chinese residential theory of "symbiosis of architecture and environment". The rest of the buildings are basically built on hard mountain roofs, and the ridge of the roof is built with silo tiles, bricks and small green tiles. The number of inner brackets in the former residence is not large, and weiduyu Pavilion can be regarded as a model. The flat body section adopts three jumps and seven steps, and it has the shape of overlord fist to play the head. Besides playing the head, the horn section also has the high style components. The patterns on it are exquisitely carved, and most of them use the style of "twister". Quetai and Yueliang have their own characteristics. Quetai is divided into upper and lower parts. The upper part is similar to ordinary quetai, while the lower part is connected by diagonal braces, which enhances the structural load-bearing effect of quetai. The shape also has the contrast of virtual and real, curved and straight.

Due to its mountainous location and rich stone resources, stone work has become a major feature of Zhang Wenyu's former residence. All the abutments are built with stone, and the edge is covered with step stones. The ground is paved with 1.2m × 0.8m large bluestones alternately, and small square stones are also used for inclined paving, which should be laid on both sides according to the central axis of the column. There are various forms of column bases, such as square, drum mirror and basin type, which are the most wonderful parts of stone works. The main hall uses the drum mirror type, and the more particular one is the combination of the drum mirror type and the basin type. In the former residence of Zhang Wenyu, several exquisitely carved column bases, yin and Yang carvings, were also found

It is a masterpiece with skillful carving techniques and exquisite and orderly patterns. The moon gate in front of Duyu Pavilion is made of eight arc-shaped stones, with cloud wave pattern at the bottom. The whole moon gate is round and full, orderly divided, simple and elegant, which has a good effect of scenery frame. Stone carving of stone bridge and pool fence is also of great artistic value, especially stone bridge, which adopts hollow carving method, with smooth and powerful lines. In addition, the gatehouse and steps are also made of stone. For the structure of the wall, the outer wall of the courtyard is made of 26 cm thick green brick; the interior of the single building is made of wood partition board, the exterior of the single building is made of wood and stone mixed wall, the lower edge of the window is made of wood fan to the roof, and the floor to the ground is made of 8 cm thick stone slab, which is simple and simple. There are many plaques in the former residence, such as the stone plaque of "the first senior official" on the east stone gate of Huating courtyard, "wangzhong Santai" on the second wooden gate on the east side, "longzhangfengcai" in Duyu Pavilion, "rockery real stone base, new grass and old roots" on the stone pillars on both sides of the pavilion, "Sanyi Pavilion" on Sanyi Pavilion, "Yangzhen" in the middle hall of the courtyard, and "Danzhu Qingtian" on the moon cave gate The stone plaque and the "political Qing" stone archway. At present, there are only "senior officials" and the stone plaque of "Danzhu Qingtian" on the moon cave gate, and the rest have been destroyed.

Origin of former residence

Zhang Wenyu's former residence was built after Zhang Wenyu returned to his hometown. In the first year of Chongzhen, Zhang Wenyu, who was over 50 years old, returned to his hometown. It was a golden autumn, and the river of Shifeng was still flowing peacefully. This scholar from Eryuan village on the south bank became a Jinshi in the second year of Tianqi. At that time, Zhang Wenyu was 44 years old On the court

He is a smart and slick figure among the people, and the old stories about his cunning in those years are also widely spread in the community. When he resigned and returned to his hometown, he brought back a lot of treasure. These big boxes of treasure were disguised by the head and tail of the tree. When he returned to this small town in the south of the Yangtze River, when he went out of Beijing for inspection, Zhang replied: "I was ordered to supervise the construction of the Jinluan palace. These are the side materials used in the construction of the imperial palace. When I brought them back to my hometown, I can help children escape evil spirits." It is these treasures that make it possible for Zhang Wenyu to build this huge house in his hometown. The talent of the Ming Dynasty architect is destined to make his house full of poetic flavor of integration with nature. The complex character of the Minister of labor is destined to hide his house in the market, that is, to show the master's distinguished reputation, and to hide this publicity in the exquisite architecture, which makes the former residence in front of us have an aftertaste. At that time, the construction of Huangji hall, Zhongji hall and Taiji hall was just an attempt to build this private house after leaving home. The later jianxiude hall and qinger hall only foreshadowed the appearance of this house. Zhang Wenyu really had a good chance to show his architectural talent in front of the emperor at that time. At the same time, he also had enough time to polish his architectural style to be extremely personalized. This kind of personalization can not be developed in the construction of the third hall. He can only hide this desire in his heart and be so handy in his hometown in the future. In his later years, it is Zhang Wenyu's blessing to have the opportunity to combine his achievements in fame with his personal talents and solidify this building complex in his hometown. At that time, it was not just a house that presented to his parents, but a very successful display of Zhang Wenyu's achievements and talents in his hometown.

Current situation of former residence

Many of the existing courtyards of Zhang Wenyu's former residence have been destroyed. Some of them are caused by disrepair, while others are destroyed by fire. For example, Sanyi Pavilion withered in a fire. Some modern buildings are interspersed in this ancient courtyard

I always feel very disharmonious, just like the classic beauty in cheongsam, but I give her a suit that doesn't fit. These phenomena are all caused by not being well protected and maintained. It is a pity to see the beautiful pavilions gradually disappear in the sight of modern people. The names of the alleys and alleys in Tiantai are very charming, such as rang lane, Zhuangyuan lane, Xingzhuang lane, Huaguang lane, Wenming lane, etc. If these names are to be handed down, the old streets will be restored to the old business.

Layout of former residence

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Wen Yu Jiu Ju