Han Tombs in beidongshan

Han Tombs in beidongshan

Beidongshan Han tomb is located in Dongshan village, Maocun Town, Tongshan District, on the North Bank of Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal, ten kilometers north of Xuzhou City, and on the west side of Jinpu railway. Because the village is located in the north of Xuzhou City, it is commonly known as beidongshan. There are three mountain tops in the village. A mountain in the southeast is called Huanshan. There is a stone chamber tomb in the mountain. It was stolen in the early years. There are many posterity inscriptions on the two walls of the tomb path. It is said that it is the tomb of Sima Huanyu, a senior official of the Song Dynasty. It is actually a Han tomb.

Tomb layout

The stone chamber is chiseled and rammed with sealed earth, which is of great scale. The main room faces south in the north. In front of it, there are tombs and corridors, which are blocked by huge stones. The main building has eight side rooms, ear rooms, front halls and back bedrooms. The walls of the main room are painted with stone powder and then coated with cinnabar to prevent corrosion and moisture. The walls were empty, with no ashes or ashes. There are a total of 11 subsidiary buildings, which are used as the warehouse of the mansion. There are storerooms, dressing rooms, bathrooms, kitchens, wells, stoves, toilets, etc. as well as places for dancing and banqueting (a large number of dance figurines are produced). Although the tomb has been stolen, many precious cultural relics have been cleared up, including gold hooks and small pieces of gold ornaments, bronze chime bells, door locks, shop heads, crossbow machine arrows; jade articles include carved jade pendant, jade sword ornaments; lacquerware is mostly decadent, but the ornamentation is still very bright, most of which belong to the plate case; pottery figurines are also many, but there is no complete one. Among them, 50 or 60 pieces of jade with golden thread and jade clothes, which are in the form of scales, can best explain the identity of Chu king, the owner of the tomb. It should be an early form, which is just an annotation of the Pearl scale Shi in the spring and Autumn Annals of the Lu family. On the one hand, it shows that it was in the early Western Han Dynasty, on the other hand, it also reflects that the princes could cast a large amount of money in their feudal country. In addition, there are bronze seals, such as "Chugong Sicheng", "Hongzhi Zuowei" and so on. It is particularly worth mentioning that seven small niches were newly found on the two walls of the tomb. Each niche contains more than 30 painted terracotta figures, with a total of 222 bodies. All of them are "lively" and vivid. This is also a great harvest of cleaning the tomb.

Introduction to the tomb

The tomb of King Chu in beidongshan is located in Dongshan village, Maocun village, Tongshan County, Xuzhou City. In September 1986, the Archaeology Department of Nanjing University and Xuzhou Museum jointly excavated it. The Han tomb was excavated in a 15 meter hill. It was stolen in the early years, but many precious cultural relics have been cleared up. The 56 pieces of scaly jade clothes unearthed from the tomb can best illustrate the identity of the owner of the tomb, the king of Chu. Among the 422 pieces of pottery figurines unearthed, most of them are dilapidated. Due to repeated theft and disturbance, the color of the pottery figurines has fallen off seriously. The pottery figurines unearthed in the tomb can be divided into three types: male, female and Fu se figurines. Among the seven niches on both sides of the open-air corridor, 224 pieces of painted pottery figurines were unearthed, but fortunately, they were not patronized by tomb robbers. Most of them are well preserved and lifelike, just like human beings, but they are slightly smaller, mostly between 50-58 cm. Its colors are rich and diverse, including red, white, black, green, blue, purple, and crimson. Its tone configuration is harmonious, and its lines are smooth and elegant. Although the pottery figurines are molded, their color paintings are different. Their facial expressions are vivid and meticulous, and their eyebrows and whiskers are as thin as a hair. They are in various forms. Even their single eyelids and double eyelids are clearly distinguishable, integrating sculpture and painting skills.

According to their postures or crowns, the painted figurines unearthed from the tomb of the king of Chu in beidongshan can be divided into three types: the figurine holding Wat, the figurine holding soldiers and the figurine carrying arrow.

Nine of them were unearthed. Except one of them was wearing a purple hat, they were all wearing a crown. The crown was decayed and the hat band was tied under the chin. From this we can judge that their heads should have been wearing the crowns of Wu at that time. The only one with hat holding wat should be the highest ranking official in the group, probably doctor Ling.

The largest number of painted figurines unearthed from the tomb of Chu king in beidong mountain is the soldier holding pottery figurine, with a total of 151 pieces, including 104 soldiers holding pottery figurines wearing hats, 47 soldiers holding pottery figurines wearing purple hats, hat bands tied under the chin and crowns. From the distribution and characteristics of each part of this group of pottery figurines, it can be judged that the identity of those who wear crowns is slightly higher than that of those who wear hats. They all hold weapons in both hands, with fine eyebrows and long eyes on their faces. They have all kinds of mustaches with different expressions. Chest with sword or ring hand knife. Some of the terracotta figures have the word "Lang Zhong" or "Zhong Lang" on the rectangle of the ribbon. Their hands were half clenched in the right rib, left on the top and right on the bottom. Their weapons were wooden halberds but rotten. The lower part of the body wear fat, foot Deng round head or double pointed head shoes.

A total of 64 pottery figurines with arrow back were unearthed from the tomb of Chu king in beidongshan, including 6 figurines with double breasted robes and 58 figurines with curved train and deep clothes. They all wear hats, swords and arrow sheaths. The arrow sheaths are fixed by three belts under the armpit and left shoulder and tied to the chest to form a triangle, which is convenient for carrying and running. The two hands of the terracotta are half clenched on both sides of the waist. The left hand is slightly crossed with the right hand. The palm of the hand is downward to hold the object. It is inferred from the archery sheath that the archer may hold the bow in both hands, and a few of the hands of the figurines still have traces of decay painted with red paint.

Another feature of the painted pottery figurines unearthed from the tomb of Chu king in beidongshan is that they all wear long swords except one. From the length, color and decoration of the swords, we can see that there are many kinds of Han swords with different decorations, which also reflect the different identities of the wearers. It can be seen from the pictures that some sword handles are very long, from the shoulder to the waist, and there are dozens of hoops on the sword handle; some sword heads are very huge, and the shape is strange, which makes today's people difficult to understand and imagine. However, through archaeological excavation, it is proved that the swords depicted on pottery figurines have been unearthed from the red clay tombs in Juye, Shandong and Mancheng, Hebei, which reflects the prevailing trend of sword wearing at that time, and also confirms the record of "from the emperor to all officials, all swords are worn" in the book of Jin Yu Fu Zhi.

These painted terracotta figures are the best group of painted terracotta figures with preserved colors in Han Dynasty and before. They can be regarded as the best works of pottery terracotta figures in Western Han Dynasty. They provide precious material materials for the study of Yi Wei system and dress sword style of princes in Western Han Dynasty.

geographical position

The tomb of Chu king in beidongshan is located in Dongshan village, Maocun village, Tongshan, Xuzhou.

Traffic information

Take bus No.106 in Xuanwu Market

Address: Dongshan village, Maocun Town, Tongshan District, Xuzhou City

Longitude: 117.23645019531

Latitude: 34.336631774902

Tel: 0516-87286024

Ticket information: market price: 20.0 yuan

Chinese PinYin : Bei Dong Shan Han Mu