Haihe River

Haihe River

Haihe River is the largest water system in North China and one of the seven major rivers in China. The Haihe River system was called "Jiuhe" in ancient times. In the Song Dynasty, the main stream of Haihe River was the lower reaches of Jiehe river. In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it was renamed Zhigu River and Dagu River. The name Haihe first appeared in the late Ming Dynasty. It was not until the Qing Dynasty that the name zhiguhe was gradually replaced by the name Haihe.

The Haihe River system consists of the main stream of the Haihe River and five tributaries of the North Canal (including the North Canal, Chaobai River and Ji canal), Yongding River, Daqing River, Ziya River and south canal. With Weihe River as the source, it originates from Lingchuan County, Shanxi Province, with a total length of 1050 km; with Zhanghe River as the source, it originates from Changzhi City, Shanxi Province, with a total length of 1031 km. The main stream, also known as Gu River and Hai River, should be 76 km from Zibei confluence to Dagukou (Haihe dampproof gate), and 73 km from sanchahekou (or dahongqiao or jingangqiao) to Dagukou (72 km indicated by media).

There are many tributaries in Haihe River system. The riverbed of each tributary is wide in the upper part and narrow in the lower part. After entering the plain, due to the slow down of longitudinal slope, the riverbed is silted up and the flood discharge capacity of the river is greatly reduced, but a closed inter River depression is formed between the two rivers. In flood season, levees are easy to break. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the Haihe River was eradicated and the situation changed.

Haihe River basin generally includes Haihe River and Luanhe River. The total area of the basin is 317753 square kilometers, accounting for 3.3% of the total area of the country.

It only refers to the Haihe River System (excluding Luanhe River system, but including Tuhai and Majia river basins). The scope of the river basin is: Shanxi Plateau in the west, Inner Mongolia Plateau in the north, Bohai Sea in the East and North dike of the Yellow River in the south.

The basin covers an area of 263353 square kilometers (according to Haihe records),

First, 263631 square kilometers.

Name evolution

The main stream of Haihe River is located in Tianjin city under the "nine rivers". In the Northern Song Dynasty, it was called Jiehe River, also known as Zhigu River, Dagu River, Gushui River, Guhe River, etc. The name of "Haihe" was first found in the "rules of dung choking" written by Xu Guangqi in 1613. It was not until the middle of Kangxi Dynasty that the names of Jiehe River and Zhigu River were replaced by Haihe River. The name of the main stream of the Haihe River was first used in the flood control planning (Draft) of the Haihe River Basin in 1966.

Water system composition

Haihe River system is composed of the main stream of Haihe River and its five tributaries, namely the North Canal, Yongding River, Daqing River, Ziya River and south canal. Historically, the five tributaries converged near Tianjin and then entered the sea through the main stream of Haihe River, forming a typical fan-shaped water system.

Zhanghe River as the source, originated in Changzhi City, Shanxi Province, Haihe dampproof gate, the total length of 1031 km, the basin area of 263300 square kilometers.

Weihe River as the source, originated in Lingchuan County, Shanxi Province, with a total length of 1050 km.

Main stream of Haihe River

The main stream of Haihe River is located in Tianjin city under the "nine rivers". In the Northern Song Dynasty, it was called Jiehe River, also known as Zhigu River, Dagu River, Gushui River, Guhe River, etc. The river body moved back, similar to sheep intestines. The land faces water on three sides. Its protruding part is called Gu, which is equivalent to the convex bank in the meander. Haihe River is known as 72 Gu (such as dingzigu, Xigu, Dazhigu, xianshuigu, gegu, Tanggu and Dagu). The name of "Haihe" was first found in the "rules of dung choking" written by Xu Guangqi in 1613. It was not until the middle of Kangxi Dynasty that the names of Jiehe River and Zhigu River were replaced by Haihe River. The name of the main stream of Haihe River was first used in the draft flood control plan of Haihe River Basin in 1966.

The main stream of Haihe River runs through the urban area of Tianjin and flows to the tidal gate of Haihe River in the East. The total length of the main stream is 73 km (from the confluence of the old south canal and the North Canal at sanchahekou in Hongqiao District to Dagukou).

Tianjin Tongzhi water conservancy records records 73.65 km (about 3 km upstream of Sancha estuary, Zibei confluence (Ziya River and North Canal confluence)) to Haihe dampproof gate.

It is 76 km (sanchahekou, the confluence of the old south canal and the West River).

Volume 1 of Haihe annals: the main stream of Haihe River runs through the urban area of Tianjin, starting from the confluence of Ziya River and the North Canal in the West (the former Sanchakou and the present dahongqiao) (the data are wrong, the two places are not at the same place), and flowing to the tidal gate of Haihe River in the East, with a total length of 73 km.

Sancha estuary is 3km downstream of Zibei confluence. The two rivers are different from each other in length. The records of Tianjin Tongzhi, water conservancy Zhi and Haihe Zhi may be wrong. Based on the data of the three local chronicles, although the records are different, on the whole, the elder is about 76 km and the shorter is about 73 km. Therefore, the length of the main stream of Haihe River from Zibei confluence to Dagukou (Haihe dampproof gate) should be 76 km, and from sanchahekou (or dahongqiao, or jingangqiao, all in one place) to Dagukou should be about 73 km.

It used to be a natural tidal channel. Before 1953, it was the end of the south canal, Ziya River, Daqing River, North Canal and Yongdingxin River, and it was used to discharge the urban area of Tianjin. Since 1958, the dampproof gate was built at the mouth of the river, the main stream has become a multi-functional channel for flood discharge, drainage, flood storage, shipping and improving the urban environment, but only for part of the flood of Daqing River and North Canal (Yongding River) in flood season Water, and discharge a small amount of flood south canal and Ziya River and Tianjin urban drainage.

The main stream of Haihe River is bounded by the right dike of Yongding River in the north, Qujiadian sluice in the west, Yongqing canal to Xihe sluice in the west, Yangliuqing town and liqizhuang in the East, Weijin River, Chilong River and dongpaigan in the south, Wanjia Wharf in the south, gongnongbing sluice in the left dike of Duliujian River in the East, and Yongding New River right dike in Beitang along the coastline in the East . The main stream of Haihe River is 76-280 m wide, the distance between dikes on both banks is 100-350 m, the height of dikes on both banks is 4.0-6.5 m, and the width of the top of dikes is 4 M. after treatment, the original design flood discharge is 1200 m3 / s, and the actual maximum flood discharge of Haihe dampproof gate is 1689 m3 / S (August 28, 1963). But over the years, flood discharge opportunities and normal water from the upstream have been significantly reduced, resulting in serious siltation of the river and the estuary under the tidal gate of Haihe River. In addition, the embankments on both sides of the river have been affected by land subsidence, and the flood discharge capacity of the river has been greatly reduced. According to the measured maximum discharge of Haihe sluice in recent years is between 295-765 m3 / S (the maximum is in 1980, the minimum is in 1983); according to the theoretical analysis and calculation of Tianjin water conservancy research institute, the flood discharge capacity of the main stream of Haihe River is also greatly reduced, only 400 m3 / s in 1986, but the downstream section of Haihe River is far away from the heightening embankment.

North Canal

North Canal includes North Canal, Chaobai River and Ji canal.

The North Canal, formerly known as Luhe River, is the northernmost section of the famous Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal in China. The upper source of the North Canal is Wenyu River, which originates from the eastern foot of Jundu and flows to the inner river bridge of Tongxian county. It is called the north canal below. It meets the Yongding River at Qujiadian and ends at dahongqiao River in Tianjin. The total length is 238 km. The drainage area is 5300 square kilometers.

Chaobai River was the upper source of the North Canal. It is formed by the confluence of Chaohe River and Baihe River. Chaohe River and Baihe River both originate from the southern margin of Bashang Plateau and flow into Miyun reservoir. After leaving the reservoir, it is called Chaobai River. It flows into Chaobai New River near niumutun, Tongxian County, Beijing, and then flows into Yongding New River at Ningchegu.

There are two sources of Ji canal, namely Zhou River and Bi River, which originate from the Yanshan Mountains. The two rivers flow to jiuwangzhuang, Baodi County, and then they are called Ji canal. They flow to jiangkouwa in the southeast, nahuanxiang River, and Beitang River in the south. The whole river mostly flows through plain depressions, and the river course is curved and shallow. The vertical gradient of the channel is small, the flood discharge speed is slow, and it is easy to flood. The lower reaches are scattered with depressions, which are Flood Retarding and detention areas.

The North Canal, Chaobai River and Ji canal are closely related to each other. In history, Chaobai River was the mainstream of economic movement. In the first year of the Republic of China (1912 AD), the Chaobai river burst in Lisui Town, Shunyi. Daliu seized the Jiangan River and entered the Ji canal through Xianghe River and Baodi river. In the 14th year of the Republic of China (1925 AD), a new diversion river was opened, and the Chaobai River entered the north canal through the new diversion river. However, during the flood period, part of the water still flowed into the Jiyun canal. In 1939, the sluice gate of the xinyinhe river was destroyed and silted, and the Chaobai River was discharged from the Jiangan river. From then on, the middle and lower reaches of the Jiyun canal were often threatened by the flood of the Chaobai River. In 1950, Chaobai new river was excavated. After dredging the East River, the original Jiangan river was blocked, and the river could be diverted to the north canal through niumutun. It can also be discharged along the chaobaixin river. Near Guozhuang, there is a spillway leading from the I river at the upper source of Ji canal. The river continued to drain into the Yongding New River. Therefore, Chaobai River and Ji canal are often classified as one river, which is called Chaobai Ji canal.

Yongding River

Yongding River is a large tributary of Haihe River system. It is composed of Yanghe River and Sanggan River.

There are three sources of Yanghe River, namely Dongyang River, Nanyang River and Xiyang river. The Dongyang river originates near sidingfang village, Chahar Right Wing Front Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Xiyang river originates near Xizhou village, Xinghe County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Nanyang river originates in Yanggao County, Shanxi Province, and Sanhe river originates near anzhuangtun, Huai'an county

Chinese PinYin : Hai He