orchard

orchard

Orchard refers to the garden where fruit trees are planted. It's also called orchard.

Fruit production base

There are professional orchards, fruit growers and garden orchards.

The local climate, soil, natural disasters and topography should be investigated before construction. Avoid building gardens in areas where cold air is easy to accumulate and cause frost in foothills, valleys and depressions, as well as in areas with wind outlets and perennial waterlogging. After the address is selected, unified planning is carried out according to the requirements of fruit tree regionalization, so that the production fields of similar fruit trees are relatively concentrated, so as to facilitate the processing and processing of products and form commodities. According to the specific requirements of various fruit trees for environmental conditions, the appropriate tree species should be selected. The principle of main varieties should be few but special. Strive to plant more high-quality, high-yield, stable yield, best-selling varieties, at the same time configuration flowering, pollen developed pollination tree. For orchards above medium scale, the area of fruit trees accounts for about 80%, and shelterbelts, roads, houses and fruit selection fields account for about 20%. Fruit trees should be planted in different areas for management. Before planting, the garden should be deeply ploughed, the road and drainage and irrigation system should be built, the shelter forest should be built, and the seedlings should be selected and classified according to the quality of root system and the thickness of dry neck, so as to make the seedlings in the same plot uniform.

The planting period is mainly dormant in the north; the seedlings can be planted in the late autumn or early winter in the field or in the non severe cold area; and the early planting can be achieved in the cold area after the soil thawing. Subtropical evergreen fruit trees can be planted after spring or autumn shoots stop growing. It is mainly rectangular planting. After planting, fertilization, irrigation, pruning, pest control and so on are carried out according to the changes of tree age, tree vigor and environmental conditions. Modern fruit production tends to be highly intensive cultivation, and more and more attention has been paid to dwarf, close planting and early high-yield intensive orchard. The scale of operation is developing towards large and medium-sized enterprises.

Four methods of killing insects in orchard in early spring

Scraping bark, as the saying goes: "to eat pears, scraping bark." That makes a lot of sense. Many kinds of pests, such as Grapholitha molesta, red spider of hawthorn, Myzus persicae, Adoxophyes orana, Myxococcus jujuba, Dendrolimus punctatus and so on, often lurk in the thick skin, warped skin and cracks of fruit trees. Before the fruit trees sprout in early spring, the thick skin on the branches (especially the branches) and the warped skin on the cutting edge should be completely removed. It can eliminate a large number of overwintering pests. The degree of skin scraping is to remove the light brown cortex and see green but not white. When shaving, a piece of plastic cloth should be laid under the tree to collect the scraped bark and debris and bury them deeply or burn them. The fruit trees with rot and dry disease should be treated with Fumi arsenic or stone sulfur mixture after shaving.

Planing in early spring is not only an important measure to improve soil and increase fruit yield, but also an effective method to eliminate overwintering pests. Through deep ploughing, the overwintering pests (such as peach fruit borer, peach moth, etc.) and pathogens in soil can be turned over to the surface and be killed by freezing, drying or natural enemies, and some overwintering pathogens and pests (such as curly moths, aphids, red spiders, etc.) in dead branches, rolled leaves and weeds on the ground can be buried deep underground and suffocated because they cannot emerge normally.

Before the overwintering larvae are unearthed, the plastic film is glued into pieces according to the projection size of the tree crown, and a seam is cut from one side to the middle point. The seam is pulled from the tree trunk and laid flat under the crown. The edge of the plastic film is buried underground. The joint of the plastic film seam is about 20 cm, and the contact with the tree trunk is tied tightly with a rope (the film can last until the first ten days of September). Mulching with plastic film can reduce the damage of red spider, peach fruit borer and other pests.

Spraying diesel oil emulsion with oil content of 4% ～ 5% and lime sulfur mixture with oil content of 5 Baume for 1-2 times in dormancy period of deciduous fruit trees has significant control effect on scale insects, red spider, apple canker, pear scab and grape black pox.

Orchard management after waterlogging

Generally, when the soil moisture is kept at 60% - 80% of the field capacity, the root system of fruit trees can grow, absorb, transport and transport normally. If the soil moisture is too high, it will have adverse effects on the root system and even the whole tree growth. The waterlogging resistance of fruit trees varies with tree species and varieties, and is also closely related to the oxygen content in water. After the fruit trees are flooded, because of the decrease of oxygen, it is easy to make the roots die due to lack of oxygen, and endanger the big roots, resulting in rotten roots and dead trees. At the same time, it causes the new shoots to shrink and scorch, leaves to lose green, dry or fall off, and fruits to lose water, fall off and crack. The management of fruit trees after waterlogging should be strengthened as follows: 1. After the flood, when there is still water in the low-lying land, it is necessary to dig ditches in time to remove the water, so as to reduce the soil and air humidity in the garden and accelerate the drying of the topsoil. After drainage, remove the sediment in time to dry the soil. The covering of orchard should be removed in time. The orchard with long grass should be cleared of weeds in time and ploughed for 1-2 times.

2. Decontaminate the tree. For the trees washed down by flood, they should be straightened as soon as possible. After the exposed roots are cut off, the rotten roots are re buried in the soil, and the bare roots are covered with soil to avoid exposure to the sun, resulting in tree death. Timely remove the mud and debris on the branches, leaves and fruits of the tree and the dead branches and leaves.

3. Plough and loosen the soil. When the orchard is slightly dry, the soil should be loosened in time. If the soil is sticky, remove the silt from the tree tray first, and then plough the tree tray or the whole garden. Turning soil should not be too deep, in order to avoid excessive root injury, generally 6-10 cm is appropriate.

4. Top dressing outside the root. After waterlogging, the root system of fruit trees is damaged and the ability of absorbing fertilizer and water is weak. Therefore, it is not suitable to apply fertilizer immediately. In combination with pest control, foliar fertilization can be carried out for many times. After the tree vigor is restored, rotten human and animal manure, cake fertilizer or urea can be applied. Foliar spraying fertilizer can choose 0.3% - 0.4% urea, 0.2% - 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 2% - 4% calcium superphosphate, 0.3% - 0.5% ammonium phosphate, 1% - 6% plant ash extract, 0.2% photosynthetic micro fertilizer, 0.06% rare earth solution, etc., spraying once every 10 days, continuous spraying 2-3 times. In autumn, base fertilizer was applied heavily, mainly organic fertilizer, combined with NPK compound fertilizer.

5. Shaping and pruning. The root system of waterlogged fruit trees has weak ability to absorb fertilizer and water, so it is necessary to cut off the dense branches, broken branches, disease and pest branches in time, and pick off the growing branches, so as to reduce the water evaporation of branches and leaves and the nutrient consumption of trees, and promote the maturity of branches. For the trees with light disaster and normal growth, the withered branches and yellow leaves can be cut off, and some fruits can be removed if there are too many fruits. Heavy damaged trees can be properly re sheared. If there are many fallen leaves, they can be retracted to perennial branches.

6. Tree protection. It is easy to cause a large number of dead branches and leaves of fruit trees after waterlogging, so that the main branches of the main trunk are exposed to the hot sun and prone to sunburn. The trunk can be painted white.

7. Pest control. Long term rainy weather, due to the soil and air humidity are large, easy to cause the occurrence of branch and root diseases. 80% Dasheng WP 800-1000 times, 50% carbendazim WP 800-1000 times, 70% thiophanate methyl 700-1000 times and 75% chlorothalonil 500-800 times can be sprayed on tree crown for protection. In order to prevent brown rot of peach and pear. Anthrax and so on, may spray with 50% tobramycin 500-600 times solution. At the same time, we should pay attention to the prevention and control of aphids, mites, peach fruit moths and so on. The commonly used insecticides are: 5% imidacloprid EC 2000-3000 times, 20% fenvalerate 2500-3000 times, etc.

Specific management measures of orchard after rain

Yellowing of fruit tree leaves

Excessive rainfall is easy to cause the supply of major nutrients full or even excessive, but also lead to some elements in short supply, which leads to the fruit tree yellow leaf phenomenon. Therefore, we should do a good job of topdressing in time after rain, and combine underground topdressing with foliar fertilization to supplement the nutrient elements of fruit trees. Before application, the symptoms of deficiency should be observed and the corresponding elements should be supplemented. At the same time, chemical control should be carried out on the overgrown fruit trees.

Appropriate fertilization, increase fertilizer, help to restore the tree. With 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, spraying once every 10 days or so, continuous spraying 2-3 times, foliar spraying fertilizer and spraying at the same time. The orchards which are seriously affected by the disaster should adopt the method of multi-point hole application, topdressing with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, fruit tree special fertilizer, diammonium phosphate, etc., about 40 kg per mu.

Cause rotten root

The main reason for rotten roots is that after the rainstorm, the orchard is low-lying or the drainage work is not in place. Because of too much water, the roots appear anoxic phenomenon, which retting roots and affect the supply of nutrients, leading to rapid wilting of leaves, followed by rotten roots. In this case, remove the water. After the rainstorm, due to the low-lying terrain and ponding after the rain, some orchards will cause anaerobic respiration of fruit tree roots, which will cause some roots retting and affect the nutrient supply, resulting in rapid wilting of leaves in a short period of time and rotten roots. Can open ditch drainage, shallow turn after Mu application of quicklime and spray Aiduoshou sterilization.

Flower bud differentiation blocked

The vigorous growth of fruit trees caused by rainstorm will affect the transformation from vegetative growth to reproductive growth of fruit trees, so that the nutrient distribution of fruit trees will act less on flower bud differentiation, resulting in blocked flower bud differentiation, poor differentiation, and then affect the yield of the next year. Therefore, the summer pruning work is particularly important. It is necessary to remove too many branches on the back in time, or to adjust the tree vigor by pulling branches, so as to balance and coordinate the supply of nutrition. Spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate and growth inhibitor can also promote the benign process of flower bud differentiation.

Garden pruning

The storm will cause the orchard messy, a school of decline phenomenon. The orchard should be cleared in time, pruning should be strengthened after the disaster, and the fruiting orchard should be cleared completely

Chinese PinYin : Guo Yuan