Stone carvings of tombs in the Southern Dynasties

Stone carvings of tombs in the Southern Dynasties

The stone carvings of the Southern Dynasty tombs are the Shinto stone carvings in front of the tombs of the emperors and princes of the Southern Dynasty, also known as the stone carvings of the Six Dynasties. All of them are located in Jiangsu Province. By the end of 2018, there are 33 stone carvings, 21 in Nanjing, 1 in Jurong and 11 in Danyang.

The Southern Dynasty (420-479 A.D.) refers to the southern Pianan regime in the southern and Northern Dynasties, which is opposite to the Northern Dynasties in Chinese history. It has gone through four regimes: song, Qi, Liang and Chen. The Southern Dynasty, the eastern Wu Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty are also called the Six Dynasties period in history.

The northern and Southern Dynasties period is a period of great division in Chinese history. With the alternation of several regimes, the current situation is turbulent and the wars are constant. It is also a dark and chaotic period. At the same time, the whole Six Dynasties period is also an era of great economic and cultural development and national integration, which is an extremely important era inherited from the Qin and Han Dynasties and started from the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Historical evolution

Among the stone carvings in the tombs of the Southern Dynasties, there are all Shinto stone carvings in front of the tombs of the emperors and princes of the Southern Dynasties. These long-standing stone carvings of the tombs of the Southern Dynasties (collectively referred to as the stone carvings of the Six Dynasties) are all in Jiangsu Province. As far as the stone carvings can be seen, there are a total of 33.

By region, there are 21 in Nanjing, 1 in Jurong and 11 in Danyang. According to the time, there are 1 in Song Dynasty, 8 in Qi Dynasty, 13 in Liang Dynasty and 2 in Chen Dynasty. There are 9 missing stone carvings in specific times. The earliest time of it is about 1500 years ago. Among them, the more famous ones are the Ningling stone carvings of Liu Yuchu, Xiao Chengzhi, Xiao Jingan, Xiao Luan, Xiao Daosheng, Xiao Shunzhi, Xiao Yanxiu, Chen Baxian, Chen qianyong, Xiao Hong and Xiao Hongling In addition, there are many missing tombstone carvings.

Stone carvings of Xiao Xiu Tomb of King Kang of Liang An Cheng

Xiaoxiu tomb stone carving is located in ganjiaxiang primary school, Qixia District, Nanjing city.

Introduction to Xiao Xiu

Xiao Xiu (475-518), whose name is Yanyuan, is the seventh son of Xiao Shunzhi, Emperor Wen of Liang Dynasty, and the half brother of Xiao Yan, Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty. During the period of Qi, the officials went to the prince to give up their people. After Xiao Yan joined the army in Jiankang, Qi and Emperor granted him the title of governor of Southern Xuzhou. In the first year of Liang Dajian (502), he was granted the title of king of an'cheng county and general of Zhenglu. In the sixth year of Tianjian, he was the governor of Jiangzhou. The next year, he moved to Jingzhou to serve as governor, general Anxi and governor of Jiadu. During his term of office, he established a school and recruited hermits. In the 13th year of Tianjian, he was the governor of Ezhou, the general of Anxi and the governor of Jiadu. In the 16th year of Tianjian, he moved to Zhenbei general, ningman Xiaowei, Yongzhou governor and Jiadu. In the spring of the 17th year of Tianjian, he died on his way to office at the age of 44.

Xiao Xiu is a kind-hearted man with good manners. He once recruited Liu xiaobiao, a bachelor, to compile Lei Yuan, which was popular in the world at the end of the book.

A survey of Xiao Xiu's tomb

In front of Xiaoxiu's tomb, there are eight stone carvings of three kinds, two of which are male beasts, with a distance of 18 meters. Dongbixie is 3.35 meters long and 2.95 meters high, with a body circumference of 3.60 meters in the West Stone of Xiaoxiu tomb; xibixie is 3.07 meters long and 3.02 meters high, with a body circumference of 3.07 meters. The base height of the two exorcisms is 0.10 M. Head up, mouth open, tongue down,

The head has hyena hair, flanked with two wings and three wings. The whole body is long and the hair curls like a vine, and the body is plump. These two stones are well preserved. There are two pairs of stone pillars, one in the East and one in the West. The East pillar only has a pedestal, which is 0.70 meters high and round in the upper part. The upper part is double glass with beads, and the lower part is a square base, with a side length of 1.45 meters. The round cap of the Western column's stigma and its small exorcism have been lost, and its body and pedestal are well preserved, with a height of 4.70 meters. The column body is carved with 20 hidden straight lines, 3.86 meters high. On the forehead of the column is inscribed with the word "Liang Gu San Qi Chang Dai Si Kong an Cheng Kang Wang's Shinto", which can be discerned vaguely. Under the forehead of the column is decorated with a circle of rope braid pattern and a circle of cross dragon pattern. The plinth is 0.84 meters high, with a circular bead carrying double shell on the top and a rectangular base on the bottom. It is 1.45 meters long and 1.40 meters wide, and its shape and decoration are similar to that of the East plinth.

Stone carvings in the east of Xiaoxiu's tomb

The east stone tablet of Xiaoxiu tomb the Shinto stone carvings of Xiaoxiu tomb are more than those of ordinary tombs. The order of the stone carvings is as follows: one pair of stone to ward off evil spirits, one pair of front stone tablet, one pair of Shinto stone pillar and one pair of back stone tablet. There is only one pair of stone tablets in front of it. Its head is incomplete, with a total length of 2.70 meters, a width of 1.49 meters and a height of 1 meter. Dongkuizuo is 3.54 meters long, 1.43 meters wide and 1.02 meters high. Its head was broken and fell to the ground. In 1953, Nanjing Municipal Commission of cultural relics restored it with steel and cement. Next to dongguiyue, in 1953, a Southern Song Dynasty stone tablet was found lying on the ground. It lost a corner on the left side. It is 4.35 meters high and 0.32 meters thick. The inscriptions are not clear. The remnant stone tablet has disappeared. One pair of Houshi steles still stand opposite to the East and the west, but they are full of holes and mottled, giving people a strong sense of vicissitudes. Both steles have round heads with a circular perforation in the middle of the head. On both sides of the ridge of the monument are decorated with high relief dragons in braided shape. There used to be reliefs on the sides of the two steles, but now they are indistinct. The text of the two steles is complete, and only the forehead can be recognized. There are 14 characters in the inscription, including 5 lines, 3 characters in each line and 2 characters in each line. Among the back facing steles, the West stele is 4.10 meters high, 1.44 meters wide and 0.32 meters thick; the turtle seat is 3.07 meters long, 1.46 meters wide and 1.02 meters high. The inscription on the back of the tablet is in the opposite line, with no more than 64 characters in each line. Most of the characters are random, and the names of officials such as "Li Zhou Zongzhi" and "Li Shao Daokuan" can be recognized. History said that the monument Xiaoxiu tomb in the west of the remnant tortoise for Pengcheng Liu Xiaochu writing, Wu Xingbei Yiyuan writing. The monument was repaired and reinforced in 1953. The East stele is 4.1 meters high, 1.46 meters wide and 0.31 meters thick; the turtle seat is 3.37 meters long, 1.50 meters wide and 1.01 meters high; the inscriptions in the inscriptions are 6 lines, most of which are indistinguishable.

There are four stone tablets in the Shinto stone carvings of Xiao Xiu's tomb, which is rare in the tombs of the Southern Dynasties. According to the literature, after Xiao Xiu died in 518, the prince of Liang Tianjian led the Marquis of Xia in (?)? - 529) and so on. Please get permission for erecting the stele. Therefore, the famous literati Wang sengru (465-522), Lu Chui (470-526), Liu xiaochuo (481-539) and Pei ziye (469-530) wrote an inscription respectively, "to choose and use it". Because the inscriptions written by these four literati are quite wonderful, it is difficult to distinguish them from each other, and it is difficult to choose between them. Finally, they decided to "build four steles together", forming an unprecedented spectacle.

About 1 km to the north of the Shinto stone carving is the cemetery of Xiao Xiu and his family. Archaeological excavation has been carried out, and there are few burial objects left because they were stolen in the early years.

Stone carvings of Xiao Jing Tomb of Marquis pingzhong in Liang and Wu Dynasties

The stone carving of Xiaojing tomb is located in the farmland of Shiyue village, Qixia street, Qixia District, Nanjing city.

Introduction to Xiao Jing

Xiao Jing (477-523), Zi Zhao, was the son of Xiao Chong, the uncle of Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty, and the cousin of Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty. Less studious, better at rhetoric. In the Qi Dynasty, he served as Yongning decree with remarkable achievements, and was known in history as "the most powerful government in 100 cities" (Biography of Liang Zongshi in Southern History). In the second year of Qi Yongyuan (500 years), he was granted the title of infantry captain. After Qi Jianliang, Xiao Yandai was appointed Marquis of Wuping County, governor of Southern Yanzhou and governor of Jiadu. After the official led the general, ningman captain. Yongzhou governor, Shi Zhong, Anxi general, Yingzhou governor and so on. He is well-known for his diligence in politics. Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty attached great importance to him. In 523, he died in Jiangxia County town (now on Huanghe mountain in the southwest of Wuchang, Hubei Province), where he was 47 years old. Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty issued an imperial edict to serve the emperor. Zhongfu general and Kaifu Yitong three divisions, posthumous title is Zhong. After Xiao Jing's death, he was first buried in Jiangxia and later moved to Jiankang (now Nanjing).

In front of Xiao Jing's tomb, there are two kinds of stone carvings, two of which are used to ward off evil spirits. The distance between them is about 21 meters. Xibixie excavated the ground in 1956, but it was broken and could not be repaired, so it was buried in the original underground. Dongbixie is a male beast. It was originally broken into two sections from the waist, and its left front leg and base were also broken. It was rebuilt by Nanjing Municipal Commission of cultural relics in May 1957. Now the hip is slightly disabled, 3.80 meters long, 3.50 meters high, 3.98 meters body circumference. Head up, mouth open, tongue down, right leg forward. The head has hyenas, ventral wings, and the front of the wings is decorated with 6 feathers. A few wisps of cloud patterns on the chest, like a long beard fluttering. The whole exorcism body is fat and handsome.

Shinto stone pillar of Xiaojing tomb

Stone pillar of Shinto in Xiaojing tomb there is only one stone pillar left in the Shinto of Xiaojing tomb. The existing stone pillar is the one on the west side of Shinto, which is one of the best preserved stone pillars in the tombs of Southern Dynasties.

In 1957, the stone column was upgraded and repaired by Nanjing Cultural and social security association. It is 6.50 meters high and 2.48 meters wide. The stigma is a round cap decorated with lotus pattern. On the round cap, there stands a little exorcism whistling up to the sky. Xiaobixie is 0.84 meters long and 0.5 meters high.

Chinese PinYin : Nan Chao Ling Mu Shi Ke