square

square

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

to examine

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Square refers to the vast area of the site, especially in the city. It is the hub of urban road, the space for people to carry out political, economic, cultural and other social activities or traffic activities in the city, and it is usually the place where a large number of people and vehicles gather and distribute. In the square or around the general layout of important buildings, often can concentrate on the performance of the city's artistic appearance and characteristics. In the city, the number of squares is small and the area is small, but its position and role are very important, and it is one of the key points of urban planning and layout.

summary

The square is a place where people can get together and have a rest. At the same time, it is also a place where people escape from the hustle and bustle of the city. In Bakhtin's words, it means "centralizing all the unofficial things and enjoying the power of" extraterritoriality "in a world full of official order and ideology. It is always owned by the" common people. " And Hollywood Wulitou Comedy Movie square style has this kind of square factor.

Square culture not only reflects the remarkable characteristics of urban architecture, culture, crowd and activities, but also reflects people's closeness and return to nature. However, the square still has the need of landscape, and the insipid site can not be called a square. Therefore, no matter what the shape of the square is, there must be a center. The statues of the Roman municipal square, the obelisks and fountains of Concorde square, and the clock tower of San Marco Square are all means to form the intersection of the squares.

There are also some misunderstandings in the construction of square in China, such as blind pursuit of large scale, lack of regional characteristics, inadequate operation and management, and even separation of urban history and culture. The city government should make efforts to set off the cultural atmosphere of the square, develop the cultural industry with the square as the carrier, so as to make the square become the window to display the city image.

brief history

Ancient Greek city square, such as the central square of Punan City, is a place for citizens to carry out religious, commercial and political activities. The central square of the city built in ancient Rome was used as a market and public meeting place at the beginning. Later, it was also used as a place for announcement, trial, celebration and so on. It usually concentrated a large number of religious and commemorative buildings. In the center of the turajan square in Rome, there is a bronze statue of the turajan emperor on horseback. In the courtyard behind basilica (rectangular Hall) on the side of the square, there stands a 43 meter high turajan Memorial column with a bronze statue of the emperor on the top to show off the majesty of the imperial power. After Europe entered the feudal period in the 5th century, the city life centered on religious activities, and the square became the vestibule of church and city hall. The Piazza del capo in Siena, Italy, is an example.

During the Renaissance of Europe from the 15th to the 16th century, due to the increase of public activities and the prosperity of Ideological and cultural fields, a number of famous city squares appeared, such as St. Peter's Square and cabido's Square in Rome. The latter is a municipal square, which is located on the cappido mountain of Rome, overlooking the whole city. It is a symbol of Rome. Venice city's St. Mark's square style elegant, perfect and harmonious spatial layout, known as the "living room of Europe.". Concorde square and Nancy square in Paris of France from 17th to 18th century are the representative works of that time.

In the late 19th century, with the development of industry, the rapid increase of population and motor vehicles in the city, the nature and function of the city square changed. Many old squares have become traffic squares, such as the star square and Concorde square in Paris. The emergence of modern urban planning theory and modern architecture, the increase of traffic speed, caused the change of the spatial organization and scale concept of city square, produced a new spatial layout form like Brasilia Sanquan square.

There was no public square in ancient Chinese cities. There is only a vestibule in front of the temple, and some have a stage for public activities such as temple fairs. In addition, many small towns also have markets for commercial activities and distribution squares at docks and bridgeheads. The vestibule in front of the government office is not for public activities. On the contrary, it requires them to be quiet and avoid. This is more prominent in the planning and layout of ancient capitals. For example, there are palace squares in front of the palace or the Imperial City, but they are not open. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing set up a T-shaped Palace Square with both horizontal and vertical streets (today's anmen Square). On both sides of the vertical square, there are Qianbu corridor and central government offices. There are heavy doors at the entrances on three sides of the square. It is forbidden for citizens to enter, which shows the atmosphere of the Forbidden Palace.

classification

According to the function, the square is divided into public activity square, distribution square, traffic square, memorial square and commercial square. The square with several functions is called comprehensive square.

Public activity square

Generally, it is a political square, which should have large space for mass meetings, processions, festival celebrations and other activities. It is usually set up in the central area with trunk roads, which is convenient for traffic concentration and evacuation. Its scale and layout depend on the nature of the city, the number of meetings and processions, the distribution of traffic and people, and the requirements of architectural art, such as Beijing Tiananmen Square.

Distribution square

The square in front of all kinds of buildings for a large number of vehicles and people is generally an important traffic hub of a city, so the traffic distribution should be reasonably organized in the planning. In the design, the traffic flow and people flow should be smooth and safe according to the characteristics of different squares.

The distribution square in front of the station includes the square set in front of the airport, station, wharf, etc. In the design, the layout should be unified according to the characteristics of traffic flow and people flow in the square in front of the station, so as to minimize the interference between people and cars. For example, the entrance and exit of the station building should be arranged together with the subway station, public transport station, taxi station, parking lot, etc., so as to reduce the intersection of main traffic flow and people flow. When the traffic flow and people flow are very heavy, the underpass or overpass can be built so that passengers can directly arrive at the platform of public transport facilities from the station building without interference from other traffic flow. For example, the entrance and exit of the railway station can be transferred underground with the subway station and public transport station, so as to reduce the number of passengers carrying heavy objects up and down, shorten the transfer distance, and reduce the intersection of passenger flow and traffic flow. In addition to the station building and the above traffic facilities, necessary service facilities such as parking lot, post and telecommunications office, restaurant, department store, hotel, etc. shall be arranged for the building in front of the station, and appropriate greening shall be arranged. The square in front of the station (port) is the gate for passengers to enter the city. With convenient transportation, considerate service facilities and coordinated architectural form, people will have a good impression of the city.

Stadiums, exhibition halls, parks, cinemas, hotels and other large public buildings in front of the square is also a distribution square, should ensure smooth traffic flow and pedestrian safety. The layout of the square should match with the main building, and the greening should be arranged properly. Arrange parking lots for motor vehicles and bicycles according to actual needs.

Traffic Square

A large intersection where several major roads meet. The most common form is roundabout, in which the central island is mostly decorated with greening or monuments to enhance the urban landscape. For example, there are six roads intersecting in Changchun People's Square, and the diameter of the central island is 220 meters.

The bridgehead square formed by the intersection of urban river crossing bridge and Binhe Road is another form of Traffic Square. When the elevation of bridge head is much higher than that of Binhe Road, the grade separation can be made according to the traffic demand.

Memorial square

For buildings of great memorial significance, such as statues, monuments, memorial halls, etc., landscaping is arranged in or around the vestibule for the masses to look forward to, commemorate or carry out traditional education, such as Nanjing Zhongshan Mausoleum square. The design should be combined with the terrain to make the main building prominent, proportional and solemn. St. Peter's Square in Rome is a famous Memorial square.

Commercial Plaza

For commercial activities, it is generally located in prosperous commercial areas. Commercial buildings, theaters and other service facilities can be arranged around the square; sometimes the commercial square is combined with the Pedestrian Commercial Street. The market trade square in the town also belongs to the commercial square.

Design

Key points of square design

In the overall planning of a city, the number, nature, area, distribution and layout of squares should be arranged as a whole according to the needs of organizing various public activities. City Square is a three-dimensional space surrounded by natural and artificial environment. According to its space proportion and enclosure degree, it can be divided into closed, semi closed and open forms. Some big cities in some countries also have semi underground "Sunken" square, which is a new form of space. In terms of layout technique, it can be divided into regular, natural or mixed. The artistic layout of the square, including its scale and composition techniques, has been developing with the progress of the times, the progress of technology and the change of concept. The square planning and design should use the law of visual art and various artistic and technical means to organically combine the green belt, buildings, sculptures, fountains, architectural sketches, artificial lighting, sound and so on, so as to create a charming space artistic appearance.

Misunderstanding of square design

China's city square is falling into the same misunderstanding. Some people call this phenomenon "square stereotyped" phenomenon, while others sum up today's Square as follows: "looking down is pavement (plus lawn), looking up at fountain, looking up at sculpture, steps with flagpole, axial symmetry, and end point is organ". Although it is a few simple words, it reveals the problems existing in the city square.

(1) The result that the will of the governor affects the city square makes it deviate from the law

Chinese PinYin : Guang Chang