Boshwa black rock painting

Boshwa black rock painting

Boshiwa black rock carvings are religious relics of the Yi nationality in the period of Nanzhao Dali state in Tang and Song dynasties. It is located on the south slope of boshwahei, Tuanjie village, Wanchang Township, southwest of Zhaojue County. It is 63 kilometers away from Zhaojue County in the East and 46 kilometers away from Xichang City in the West. Zhao (JUE) Xi (Chang) highway passes through the township, and there are three kilometers of branch highways leading to the location of rock paintings. Boshwa black rock painting has the same historical status as the important Nanzhao cultural relics in the hinterland of Nanzhao (Dali, Yunnan Province), "Nanhua stele of Nanzhao", "Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple" and "Jianchuan Grottoes". In 1991, the people's Government of Sichuan Province announced boshiwa black rock painting as a cultural relic protection unit of Sichuan Province.

brief introduction

Boshiwahei, translated by Yi people, means dragon and snake on the rock. Boshwa black rock carvings are set in the pine forest and Rhododendron forest at an altitude of 2700 meters. The key protection area covers an area of 44.28 mu, with a picture area of 440 square meters. On 16 natural huge rock walls, 19 groups of 27 pictures are engraved, the largest one with a top area of 198 square meters.

Except for a few primitive rock paintings, most of boshwa's black rock paintings are Buddhist engraved portraits, and some of the faces of the statues are in relief. Boshwa black rock carvings are divided into South, West and north areas. There are eight rock carvings in the south, five in the West and three in the north.

The center of the rock painting is a 7.6-meter-long Reclining Buddha, and the surrounding rocks are mostly carved with statues. According to the preliminary identification, the rock paintings mainly show the Buddhist sites of Nanzhao Dali Period: the prosperity of Nanzhao state, the carved statues of pagodas, etc.; the Buddhist statues of Sakyamuni, Dawei Mingwang, dari Tathagata, Guanyin Bodhisattva, Manjusri Bodhisattva, heavenly king, etc.; the animal images of Unicorn, rhinoceros, parrot, lion, dragon, eagle, ox, horse, elephant, bird, dog, tortoise, etc.; and the amazing "King" And the Yi Bimo God drawing. There are 27 rock paintings in total, including 47 statues of gods and Buddhas, 15 secular figures, 2 pagodas and 25 animals. These rock paintings are large-scale and majestic; they are lifelike and penetrating; they are vivid and of different styles; they are magnificent and rare in China.

According to experts' appraisal, boshiwa black rock painting has strong local characteristics of the times and a typical style of Yi Han ethnic fusion. It is a large-scale cliff statue of Tantric school built in Nanzhao period of Tang Dynasty and Dali Period of Song Dynasty. It is a rock painting mainly engraved in Nanzhao period. One of the most precious is a "travel map of Nanzhao king". In the rock paintings, it can be clearly seen that the king of Nanzhao was magnificent, with a high crown on his head and a high horse on his back. A huge dragon danced in the air above his head, surrounded by the front and back attendants, and marched in a mighty procession.

Boshwa black rock painting not only has high artistic appreciation value, but also has high historical and archaeological value. It provides important original materials for the study of the local history, religious history, ethnic history, cultural and artistic history of Southwest China and the spread of Southern Buddhist art in China. It is also a powerful evidence for the study of the political, military, economic and cultural activities of the local regime of Nanzhao state, and also serves as a reference for the study of the local political, military, economic and cultural activities of Nanzhao state It provides new historical materials to understand the local history, the spread of Buddhism and the ancient ethnic relations. Since the newspaper reports in 1981, it soon became famous at home and abroad, attracting many scholars and tourists at home and abroad to visit.

According to textual research, in ancient times, the post road from Sichuan to Yunnan passed through boshiwahei, and the local Yi people worshipped boshiwahei as a sacred place. From this, many myths, superstitions, legends and taboos emerged. Pedestrians often took detours and covered up by mosses for a hundred years, which made boshiwahei rock carvings better preserved.

Formation background

In the late Tang Dynasty, Xiaoliangshan and Xiaoliangshan were merged into Nanzhao state and set up Jianchang government. After the demise of Nanzhao, this area was under the rule of Dali Duan's regime. Therefore, boshiwahei area was once under the jurisdiction of Nanzhao state, and it was also one of the "Southern Silk Road" channels from the Central Plains to Yunnan and Nanyang in the Tang Dynasty. During the Nanzhao period, it was closely related to the Tang Dynasty, so it was under the control of the Han Dynasty The influence of culture was strong, especially the appointment of Zheng Hui, a Han nationality, as an official of Qingping by Nanzhao king, which promoted the cultural exchange between Yi and Han. Boshwa black rock painting is a living fossil in this area.

Distribution

In the 44 Mu rock art reserve, there are 16 natural boulders carved with 440 square meters of rock art. The rock art group can be divided into South, West and north areas.

Southern District: it is located in the middle and lower part of the boshiwahei mountain slope, near the North Bank of the boshiwahei River, and is the main area of the whole rock painting. There are eight carved boulders, one of which is the largest, and is the center of the Southern District. Here is the painting of reclining Buddha. Some people say it is the painting of chaodu spirit sending ceremony of ancient Yi people. A reclining Buddha is chiseled on the flat upper part of the huge stone. Reclining Buddha's head is resting on his left arm and lying quietly is the main body of the picture. There are a group of sitting people, monks or Bodhisattvas of different proportions or ordinary people praying or praying. A small person is carved on the upper left of the reclining Buddha. Local people say that the carving is Zhige alon, the hero of Yi people. The rock on this big stone is a stone The painting, which has a long history and is seriously weathered, can not be seen very clearly. Another stone depicts the "four great vajras" in Buddhism. The "four great vajras" depict four mighty warriors with bow and arrow weapons in a realistic way. Other stones in this area are carved with totems such as dragon, tortoise and kylin, as well as statues of Sakyamuni, Guanyin, King Ming and Bimo.

Western District: located in the west of the Southern District, there are five carved stones. The southernmost stone has a male statue, and there are four carved stones 100 meters to the right of the stone.

North District: located at the top of the mountain, there are three carved stones, two of which are close to the West. The rock paintings are small, and the carving techniques are rough. The carved stones are small figures. In the southeast of the hanging rock, there is a long cross shaped rock. In the south of the smooth part of the rock, there is a travel map of six people riding on horseback, which is called "the tour map of Nanzhao King Mountain". This rock painting is one of the wonderful works in the rock painting group. The ancient Nanzhao artists made full use of this rock trend, from the perspective of visual tension, from the whole to the part, to make the composition full and compact, perfect and harmonious.

artistic characteristics

These rock paintings, like activated stones, explain the time that the land has been inundated by time, the mysterious Nanzhao culture of that time, and the specific example that Yi and Han cultures have entered a new "mixed blood era". Because of this, boshwa black rock painting also formed its own unique artistic language charm.

Objective and realistic carving language is a major feature of "boshwahi" rock painting. Among the numerous ancient rock paintings in China, most of them are original painted rock paintings, which are mostly painted with various colors of dyes. According to the research conclusion drawn by relevant experts during the investigation of Cangyuan rock paintings, the artists use animal blood or animal skin to boil glue, and then mix this solution with hematite powder and other dyes for painting. Moreover, most of the paintings are decorative rock paintings, which belong to original rock paintings All of them are more. The "boshiwa black rock painting" is a kind of carved rock painting in Nanzhao period of Tang Dynasty. Both grinding and chiseling techniques are used in this group of rock paintings, and their modeling skills are profound. No matter how to show people and animals, their techniques and skills have reached a very high level, and their modeling realistic ability has really reached the level of perfection, which is amazing. Boshiwa black rock painting is the main example of the mutual exchange and influence of Yi and Han Cultures in Nanzhao period. All of them are the products of the integration of Yi and Han cultures.

In the technique of line marking, Bimo's "line drawing" technique and traditional Chinese painting's "white drawing" technique are combined. They are eclectic and self-contained. With sharp depicting tools and ironware, Bimo's line drawing effect is created. The lines are simple and simple, achieving a "mysterious realism" effect. At the same time, it does not lose the technique of "line drawing" in Chinese painting, skillfully uses the modeling trend of each stone, appropriately arranges the general requirements of painting, reasonably grasps the overall situation of each painting as a whole, and achieves the perfect unity from the whole to the part. The black rock painting group in boshiwa is really complete in six ways. In the past, Xie He said, "there are six methods of painting, one is vivid charm, the other is bone technique and pen, the third is pictograph, the fourth is color according to category, the fifth is business location, the sixth is transmission and transfer of model writing. Since ancient times, it is rare to draw people at the same time.". Although boshwa's black paintings are not painted on the rock paintings, their wonderful and vivid depiction of people and things can be said that the rock painting masters of Nanzhao gave life to the stone, from which we can realize that the rock painting art of Nanzhao period combined the local painting techniques with the Han painting techniques of the central Plains.

In terms of subject matter, the typical Yi subjects such as Zhi Ge a long, long Tu, Nan Zhao Wang Chu Xun Tu and Bimo FA Tu are used. Among the many rock paintings in northern and southern China, most of their main themes are primitive rock paintings, such as hunting pictures, figure pictures, dance pictures and copulation pictures. Most of boshwa's black rock paintings are related to religious themes. In the painting of Bimo's practice of art, the scene of a peaceful looking Bimo sitting cross legged with curly hair and braids, wearing big Agate Earrings, holding a magic fan (Bimo priest's magic weapon) is depicted in a very realistic way. In addition, the legend of Zhi Ge a long is widely spread in the southwest Yi area. The story that he traveled all over the country, killed demons and demons for human beings, and promoted good and punished evil is well known to women and children. From the perspective of Yi and Han subjects

Chinese PinYin : Bo Shi Wa Hei Yan Hua