Zhenchuan Fort

Zhenchuan fort is an important fortress of Datong town on the great wall of Ming Dynasty. Located in Datong City, Shanxi Province, 2.5 kilometers south of the Great Wall at the mouth of Zhenchuan. According to San Yun Chou Zu Kao, it was built in 1539, the 18th year of Jiajing, and built in 1582, the 10th year of Wanli. Castle week "two miles and five minutes, four feet and one foot high.". In the Ming Dynasty, garrison was set up here to guard the Great Wall "20 Li, 28 side piers and three Huolu piers". At that time, because the terrain along the Great Wall under the jurisdiction of this fort was flat and there was no danger of mountains and rivers to rely on, it was easy to be invaded. During the years of Jiajing and Longqing, Mongolian soldiers destroyed the Wall twice. From zhenchuankou to the west, the Great Wall crosses xishiliang mountain to hongcibao. This section of the Great Wall is rammed with loess and is relatively strong. Because the terrain is undulating, and the wall is well preserved, more than 5 meters high. Datong City is under the jurisdiction of the great wall more prominent section.

Zhenchuan Fort

Zhenchuan fort is an important fortress of Datong town on the great wall of Ming Dynasty. Located in Datong City, Shanxi Province, 2.5 kilometers south of the Great Wall at the mouth of Zhenchuan. According to San Yun Chou Zu Kao, it was built in 1539, the 18th year of Jiajing, and built in 1582, the 10th year of Wanli. Castle week "two miles and five minutes, four feet and one foot high.".

In the Ming Dynasty, garrison was set up here to guard the Great Wall "20 Li, 28 side piers and three Huolu piers". At that time, because the terrain along the Great Wall under the jurisdiction of this fort was flat and there was no danger of mountains and rivers to rely on, it was easy to be invaded. During the years of Jiajing and Longqing, Mongolian soldiers destroyed the Wall twice. From zhenchuankou to the west, the Great Wall crosses xishiliang mountain to hongcibao. This section of the Great Wall is rammed with loess and is relatively strong. Because the terrain is undulating, and the wall is well preserved, more than 5 meters high. Datong City is under the jurisdiction of the great wall more prominent section.

history

Zhenchuan fort was built in Ming Dynasty for defense purpose. The five fortresses are Zhenbian fortress, Zhenchuan fortress, Hongci fortress, Zhenlu fortress and Zhenhe fortress. They are distributed along the great wall more than 50 miles northwest of Datong Fucheng, and each fortress is 25 miles apart. Zhenbianbao is adjacent to Yanggao County in the East, with a perimeter of 1 km; Zhenchuanbao is adjacent to zhenbianbao 16 pier in the East, with a perimeter of 1 km; hongcibao is adjacent to Zhenchuanbao 19 pier in the East, with a perimeter of 1.5 km; zhenlubao is adjacent to hongcibao 15 pier in the East; zhenhebao is adjacent to zhenlubao 20 pier in the East. Here, you can enjoy the scenery outside the great wall and understand the knowledge of ancient marching operations.

Preservation status

Overall situation

This fort is a military fort along beidong road under the jurisdiction of fenxun Hebei North Road. It is built on the south side of the great wall and is located in the hilly area on the east side of Fangxun Hebei North Road. According to "San Yun Chou Zu Kao", this fort was built in 1539 in the 18th year of Jiajing period and in 1582 in the 10th year of Wanli period. The city is five minutes high on Tuesday, four feet high and one foot high. There is a garrison in the city. The garrison is 20 miles away from the side wall. There are 28 side piers and three fire road piers. The existing more coherent Castle outline, Guancheng only exist South and North wall fragments, Castle and gate do not exist, there is a brick wall outside Guancheng gate. There are no buildings in the fort. There is an existing "official well" in the fort, and there is an East West ancient street in the fort.

Damage

There are two openings in the east wall of the fort, 36 meters away from the wall, 73 meters away from the south wall, most of the remaining areas are dilapidated, and more than 70 meters away from the west wall. The west wall of Guancheng was destroyed, and the fortress and the gate of Guancheng were destroyed. The buildings in the fort are damaged.

Cause of damage

Natural factors: long term wind, sand, rain and snow erosion, leading to peeling, falling off, collapsing and collapsing; long term weathering and wind erosion, leading to powdery falling off, forming holes, grooves and residual surfaces of different sizes; long term rain, leading to the loss of rammed earth and flushing into rain water ditches of different sizes; surface freezing in winter and melting in spring, leading to loose and flocculent soil; cracking and loosening caused by geological disasters are very serious The roots of trees and weeds intrude into the Rammed Soil, leading to the loosening, cracking and falling off of the Rammed Soil; the surface grows plaque or salinization, leading to peeling.

Human factors - according to the villagers, all the bricks and stones in the fort were removed by Zhang Sanmao of Yan Xishan's troops in Datong and used as roadside stones. Some of the buildings in the fort were destroyed during the cultural revolution and some before liberation.

There are diseases

Trees and plants grow on the wall and the top of the wall, destroying the internal structure of the wall, causing the rammed earth to swell, loosen and crack; rats make holes on it; rabbits deposit soil on the outside of the wall, slope and dig holes; there are pits on the top of the wall; water easily seeps into the wall when it rains; there are small insect holes on the wall; there are plaque bacteria on the wall, leading to peeling and peeling off of the wall.

Detailed description

General situation of Guanbao wall

The wall is rammed, and the bricks are not included. The castle is 320 meters long in the East and West and 300 meters wide in the South and North. The north wall is basically complete, but the collapse is heavy and there are many notches at the top. The ramming quality of the east wall is excellent. The ramming layer at the lower end is fine and dense, and the rammed earth is as solid as rock. The west wall of the north wall is steep, and the surface of the middle wall is blasted down by explosives. There are two gaps in the east wall, which are 36 meters away. 37 meters of the south wall are well preserved, 73 meters disappear, 210 meters are surrounded by residential buildings, and the preservation is poor. The north and south ends of the west wall have a remnant of 45 meters in length on the north side and 45 meters in length on the south side. The base width of the castle wall is 4-6 meters, the top width is 0.5-2 meters, and the residual height is 1-9 meters. The horse face of the north wall protrudes 7 meters from the wall, 10 meters wide and 9 meters high. Northwest corner platform protrudes 7 meters from the wall, 10 meters wide and 9 meters high. The north wall of Guancheng is 142 meters, the south wall is 84 meters, the bottom width is 3-5 meters, the top width is 0.8-1.5 meters, and the height is 2-6 meters.

Plane pattern:

It is built on the east side of Fangshan River and adjacent to the tributary of Yuhe River in the West. It is composed of the fortress on the east side and the Guancheng on the west side. The fortress faces east and West, with a square plane and corner platforms at the four corners. Both the north and south walls have horse faces. Guancheng on the west side is connected with the west wall of the castle. It is small in shape and faces east in the West. The plane is square. It was originally opened in the west gate, but now it doesn't exist. There is a screen wall outside the door. There is a watchtower in the north of the fort, and a teaching field in the northeast of the fort. There are streets along the east-west axis of Guanbao, and there are many temples and other buildings in the former Guanbao, so its plane pattern can not be verified.

Main historical facilities:

This fort is the most solid fort city of the Great Wall on beidong road. Among the people, there is a saying that "Zhenchuan is an iron Town, and the victory of paper paste". The wall has 17 layers of stone and 5 meters of brick. The ramming quality is excellent. In the original castle, there are many temples and government offices. The gate of the city is very tall, and there is no existence today. There's only one place left behind. The existing screen wall has been restored on the original site in recent years. Zhaobi is a brick and stone structure with exquisite architecture. There is an existing "official well" in the fort. The well is built with open brick, with a diameter of 2M and a depth of 13m.

Relationship with the nearest wall position

It is 3.2km away from zhenchuankou Great Wall in the north.

Population and housing

There are about 1600 people living in the fort.

Repair condition

There are traces of later repair and thickening.

Positional relationship with other remains

It is 8.4 km away from hongcibao in the northwest and 14 km away from zhenlubu in the southwest.

Ancillary facilities

None.

other

A piece of Liao and Jin porcelain bowl was collected in the castle.

Natural and human environment

Geology, topography and geomorphology

This area is located in the northernmost part of Shanxi Province. Outside the north and northwest, the Great Wall is adjacent to Fengzhen City and Liangcheng County of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The terrain is high in the northeast and southwest, and the terrain is gentle in the territory, which is a typical loess hilly landform. The main mountain ranges are Cailiang mountain, Matou Mountain, Leigong Mountain and Mituo mountain. The castle is built on the east side of Fangshan and adjacent to the tributary of Yuhe River in the West. The terrain is high in the East and low in the West. When the wall was built outside the castle, the soil was dug into a trench, which is a Loess Hilly landform.

climate

The mid temperate continental semi-arid monsoon climate has obvious cold and hot seasons, obvious temperature difference between day and night, and obvious regional difference. The average annual temperature is 6.4 ℃, the average annual rainfall is 395 mm, and the frost free period is 125 days.

Vegetation:

This area is located in the transition area from warm temperate broadleaf and deciduous to temperate grassland. Most of the remains are cultivated land with poor vegetation.

soil

Mountain meadow soil, chernozem, proluvial chestnut soil, loess chestnut soil.

animal

Livestock, rodents.

hydrology

In the north of the territory, there are Juanzi River, MUCI River in the middle, Yinma River and Wanquan River in the East. The geographical distribution of precipitation in the whole region is more in mountainous areas than in basins, with an average annual precipitation of 395mm. In the west of the fort is a tributary of the Yu River.

Resident status

Zhenchuanbao village has a population of 1800.

Industry status

Agriculture and animal husbandry. The main crops are yam, naked oats, millet, beans, flax and so on; the main livestock in animal husbandry are cattle, sheep and pigs.

traffic

208 national highway, Deda Expressway and a provincial highway run through the area. There are roads in every village.

Environmental change and major environmental problems:

The production and life of villagers have an impact and damage on the wall of the fort.

Protection management status

Protection Agency:

Xinrong District Culture and Sports Bureau

Protection sign:

nothing

Protection scope and construction control zone:

Undivided

Protection of Archives:

nothing

Address: Xinrong District, Datong City, Shanxi Province

Longitude: 113.387942328

Latitude: 40.287170373146

Chinese PinYin : Zhen Chuan Bao