Changbai Mountain Tianchi

·Tianchi of Changbai Mountain is located at the top of the volcanic cone of Changbai Mountain scenic spot. It can be reached from the north, West and south slopes of Changbai Mountain. However, due to different angles, the scenery of Tianchi in the three places is also different.

·Tianchi Lake is a crater lake formed naturally by volcanic eruption. It is oval in shape, with an area of 10 square kilometers. It is the largest crater lake in China, with an altitude of 2150 meters, and won the title of the world's highest volcano lake. Tianchi is surrounded by many peaks and clear water. It is the source of Songhua River, Tumen River and Yalu River.

·Surrounded by 16 peaks, Tianchi is as quiet and clear as a piece of Jasper. The reports of lake monsters in those years give people a sense of mystery. The best time to visit Tianchi is in midsummer, when the clouds are less, it is easy to see the true face of Tianchi.

·Tianchi Lake is also the boundary lake between China and North Korea. On the top of Xipo mountain, there is a boundary monument between China and North Korea. Standing on the edge of the lake, you can see the other half of the mountain top in North Korea.

Changbai Mountain Tianchi

Changbai mountain pool in the sky is a dormant volcano. The water in the crater becomes a lake, and the water in the summer melt pool is bluer than that in the sky. The water in the winter melt pool is as white as snow, surrounded by 16 peaks. Only a narrow channel between Tianhuo peak and Longmen peak overflows and flows down to Changbai waterfall, which is the main source of Songhua River.

Changbai Mountain was formed in the geological orogeny 12 million years ago. After several eruptions, it became a huge umbrella body. When the volcano was dormant, the spring overflowed, forming a vast water surface of more than ten square kilometers. Tianchi is 2189.1 meters above sea level, slightly elliptical, 4.4 kilometers long from north to South and 3.37 kilometers wide from east to west. The catchment area is 21.4 ㎞ 2, the water surface area is 9.82 ㎞ 2, the water surface perimeter is 13.1km, the average water depth is 204m, and the deepest is 373m. The total water storage capacity is 2.04 billion cubic meters. The water temperature of Tianchi Lake ranges from 0.7 ℃ to 11 ℃, and the annual average temperature is 7.3 ℃. Tianchi Lake is like a magnificent Jasper inlaid in the majestic peaks of Changbai Mountain. It is the largest volcanic lake in China and the deepest alpine lake in the world. Now it is the boundary lake between China and Korea.

Location context

At the top of the volcanic cone is the crater lake, Tianchi (the boundary lake between China and Korea). The lake is slightly oval in shape, with an area of about 9.82 ㎞ 2. The water surface is 2189 meters above sea level, and the maximum water depth is 373 meters. It is the highest and deepest lake in Northeast China (Fig. 2-3). The crater wall around Tianchi is steep, and forms more than ten ringed mountains, with an altitude of more than 2500 meters. Among them, Jiangjun peak is the highest, with an altitude of 2749 meters, on the Korean side. Baiyun peak is 2691 meters above sea level, on the west side of Tianchi, the highest peak in Northeast China. There are Tianhuo, Tiebi, Huagai and Zixia peaks in the northeast of Tianchi, Tiyun, Wohu and guanmian (Yuxue) peaks in the southwest of Tianchi, and Longmen, guanri, Jinping, Zhipan and Yuzhu (Qingshi) peaks in the northwest of Tianchi. The astronomical peak (2670m), which is named after the weather station, is between the two peaks of Tiebi and Huagai. The peak is not visible. There is a road to the top of the mountain, overlooking the Tianchi Lake. There is a gap on the north side of Tianchi, which was called Kaimen in ancient times, and Chengcha River (also known as Tongtian River) flows northward. The river flows between Tianhuo peak and Longmen peak, with a total length of 1250 meters. At the end of the river, a 68 meter high Changbai waterfall is formed. Under the waterfall, there is Changbai hot spring, which is connected with Erdaobai River and is the main source of Songhua River.

hydrographic features

Tianchi Lake was called Wenliang Park, Tumen Park and they park in ancient times. As the boundary lake between China and Korea, it is located in Antu County, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin Province. Liu Jianfeng, the governor of Antu County, made a detailed investigation of Tianchi in Changbai Mountain from 1908 to 1910. In 1958, Tianchi meteorological station was set up in tiantianfeng, and systematic observation was started.

Tianchi is 4.4 km long from north to south, 3.37 km wide from east to west, with a water surface area of 9.82 ㎞ 2, a perimeter of 13.1 km, a maximum water depth of 373 m, an average water depth of 204 m, a catchment area of 21.4 ㎞ 2, a water storage capacity of 2.04 billion cubic meters, a salinity of 246.52 mg / L and an elevation of 2189 M. The annual water temperature is 0.7 ~ 11 ℃, the annual average temperature is - 7.3 ℃, the annual average water surface evaporation is 450 mm, the annual average precipitation is 1332.6 mm, the maximum precipitation over the years is 1809.1 mm, and the minimum precipitation over the years is 881.8 mm. It is one of the places with the lowest temperature, the minimum water surface evaporation and the maximum precipitation in Eastern Liaoning. The annual minimum water level of Tianchi generally appears in April and may. After May, the inflow of Tianchi is greater than the discharge, and the water level begins to rise, and the annual maximum water level appears in August and September. After the last ten days of September, the water mainly flowed out from the previous section, and the water level gradually decreased until it began to rise again in May of the next year. The variation of water level is about 2 meters. The freezing date of Tianchi Lake is usually from late November to early December, and the thawing date is in the middle of June of the next year, with a freezing period of seven or eight months. The depth of snow is 0.86-1.04m, and the thickness of ice is 0.93-1.28m.

Lake system

Changbai Mountain is the birthplace of Songhua, Tumen and Yalu rivers. There are five hair sources around Tianchi Lake in Changbai Mountain. On the north slope is the Erdaobai River of the second Songhua River (hereinafter referred to as Erdaojiang), on the west slope is the ManJiang River and Jinjiang River of the Songhua River (hereinafter referred to as toudaojiang), on the south slope is the Hongdan river of the Tumen River, and on the south slope is the warm river of the Yalu River.

The other three sources are Gudong River in the north of Erdaojiang River, xitoushui River in the south of Tumen River and xuchuan River in the south of Yalu River. There are also Laohei River, Caozi River, Songjiang River, sandaoshongjiang River, Lushui River, toudaobai River, sandaobai River, sidaozi River, wudaobai River, shiyishui River, jialinchuan River, putaohe River, and more than 230 small rivers with a drainage area of more than 20 square meters, which flow into the three rivers. From the South and north directions, more than 180 small rivers flow into the three rivers respectively. The total area of the three river source area is about 30700 square kilometers, of which the Songhua River source area is 18500 square kilometers, accounting for 60.40% of the three river source area, the Yalu River source area is about 7600 square kilometers, accounting for 24.5%, and the Tumen River source area is about 4600 square kilometers, accounting for 15.1%. Around Tianchi, the drainage area of inner five sources is about 18900 square kilometers, and that of outer three sources is about 11700 square kilometers.

General situation

Changbai Mountain is a famous mountain in China. It has been a sacred territory of China since ancient times. It is the birthplace of Songhua River, Tumen River and Yalu River. It is named for its many main peaks, mostly white pumice and snow. Before 1949, all of them belonged to China, and later half of them were sent to Korea. Now it is the boundary mountain between China and Korea. In order to better protect and develop the Changbai Mountain, the people's Government of Jilin Province designated the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve as early as 1960 and established the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve Administration Bureau, covering an area of 196465 hectares. It is the best preserved nature reserve with the most abundant species and the most complete ecosystem in the same latitude area of the earth. There are not only original forest, but also tundra, meadow, lake, river and swamp in the region, which is a typical representative of mountainous ecosystem in the northern half of Eurasian continent.

At Kim Il Sung's repeated entreaties to "establish a holy land for the Korean revolution", the Korean government redrawn the border in 1962. The Chinese border line retreated 30 kilometers in the Tianchi area, where Changbai Mountain changed from a unique one in China to a border mountain between China and Korea, and Tianchi lake became a border lake. On the map of China in 1957, it can be clearly seen that the Tianchi Lake of Changbai Mountain is completely within the territory of China.

In 1980, it was classified into the "man and biosphere" protection network by UNESCO and became one of the biosphere reserves in the world. In 1986, it was approved as a national nature reserve by the State Council. In 2006, it was promoted to AAAAA level by the first batch of national tourist attractions. Changbai Mountain is one of the top ten famous mountains in China. It is famous for its holy mountain and holy water, and is known as "the first mountain in Guandong".

Changbai Mountain is a mountain system composed of Tianchi platform surrounded by 16 peaks, such as Baitou peak, which is 2760 meters above sea level. Changbai mountain can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense, which generally refers to the narrow sense of Changbai Mountain, that is, the main peak area of Changbai Mountain.

Changbai Mountain is a famous giant compound volcano. The peripheral lava plateau is slightly irregular oval, with a long axis of about 140 km and a short axis of about 120 km. It is a platform, plateau and mountain formed by three times of basalt eruption and stacking from the end of Cretaceous, Miocene, Pliocene to the early Pleistocene. The original form of the early spillover has been destroyed, the middle spillover forms the main part of the broad plateau, and the late spillover is mostly buried in the valley except Changbai Mountain. The total thickness of the third stage is about 500-600m and the total area is 4500 ㎞ 2. The Changbai Mountain platform was formed by the eruption of alkaline quartz trachyte in the late Pliocene, and 16 peaks were formed by the eruption of a large number of basic lava in the Quaternary. It is recorded that there were three small-scale eruptions in 1597, 1668 and 1702. Changbai Mountain volcano is in dormant period at present. However, on the mountain with an altitude of more than 2000 meters, there are many hot springs continuously overflowing from the underground, which shows that there is still huge energy in the underground. According to modern seismic observation, the crust of Changbai Mountain is relatively stable. Changbai Volcanic Eruption

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Bai Shan Tian Chi