catholic church

catholic church

Catholicism is one of the three major sects of Christianity. Its official name is "Roman Catholic Church" or "Roman Catholic Church", that is, the church led by the Roman Pope. The word Catholicism is used to refer to the Christian believers who believe in the theoretical system of Roman Catholicism, including morality, sacrament and dogma, and obey the Holy See completely. Among all the Christian churches, the Catholic Church has the largest number, with about 1.13 billion people in the world, accounting for 17% of the world's total population. The Catholic Church is also the largest church among all the Christian churches. According to the argumentation of dogmatic theology, the Catholic Church is the only, most holy, most public church established by Jesus Christ himself and handed down from the apostles. The first Pope of Catholicism was St. Peter, the head of the twelve disciples of Jesus. Catholic Church is not only the main building of Catholicism, but also an important activity place for Catholics. Among the five major churches in the world, the first four are Catholic churches.

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General situation

Catholicism is a church founded by Jesus himself. In 1054 A.D., the eastern and Western Christian churches were divided. In the East, they were called orthodox, or Eastern Orthodox; in the west, they were called public church, or Catholic. In the 16th century, there was a religious reform movement against the papal rule in the Western church, which divided into a new sect which was divorced from Catholicism, namely Protestantism, and Protestantism continued to divide into several factions.

Historical evolution

During the Yuan Dynasty, Catholicism was introduced into China, which can also be called livanism or crucifixion; in the Ming Dynasty, Matteo Ricci, a Jesuit priest, came to China, and Catholicism entered China again; in the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the Orthodox Church also sent missionaries to China; in the Jiaqing period, the British Morrison came to China to preach Protestantism; before and after the Opium War, the new denomination school came to China one after another, and rapidly expanded to the vast urban and rural areas.

Distribution in China

Jilin Catholic Church

The holy name of Jilin Catholic Church "the sacred heart of Jesus church" is located at No.3 Songjiang Middle Road, Jilin City, the north end of Jilin bridge, south of Songhua River. It is a typical Gothic architecture, the main body is composed of church and bell tower, and the plane is slightly in the shape of "cross". All the buildings are brick and stone arched buildings, without wooden beams or columns. The bricks are made of local special fired green bricks 31 cm long and 25 cm wide. The stones are all made of high-grade granite collected from ashhada, 10 km southeast of Jilin City, and then finely carved into various specifications of patterned stone columns, lintels, stone windowsills, etc. The church yard covers an area of 6449 square meters, with a building area of 800 square meters and a usable area of 536 square meters.

Facing south, the church is 33 meters long from north to south, 27 meters wide from east to west, and 22 meters high on ridge. In front of the church, there are three minaret shaped buildings, 24 meters high on both sides, 45 meters high in the middle of the bell tower. There is a 2-meter-high iron cross on the top of the tower. A bronze bell is hung in the building. Every Sunday or Catholic Festival, the church bell sounds several miles away. The church is 22 meters high. The whole hall is supported by 16 large round stone columns with a height of 28 meters and a diameter of 0.5 meters. The top of the church is a cross single brick multi arch structure. The 24 glass windows of the church are all installed with color pattern glass inlaid with lead from France, on which are painted with flowers and biblical stories. In the front of the church, there are three doors, East, middle and West. From the east door, you can get to the second floor along the stone spiral staircase, and then you can get up the wooden stairs to the bell tower. There are five sacrificial platforms in the hall, of which the main platform is carved with chiseled stone, and there are seven gypsum statues with exquisite workmanship and exquisite carving. On February 26, 1999, it was designated as a key cultural relic protection unit in Jilin Province by the provincial government and a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council in 2013.

Shandong Linyi Catholic Church

Linyi Catholic Church is the only ancient Roman Cathedral in Shandong Province and the center of Catholicism in Linyi. Standing in the middle of Lanshan road in Linyi City, it is one of the oldest buildings in Linyi city. Its characteristics are: arched dome, large stone columns, carved capitals, etc. The construction of Linyi Catholic Church broke ground in 1903. After nearly ten years, it was completed in 1913 (the second year of the Republic of China). It has a history of more than 100 years. It is a cultural relic protection unit at the provincial level.

Construction time

After nearly ten years, the project was completed in 1913 (the second year of the Republic of China). At that time, it was in the period of warlords' scuffle in the late Qing Dynasty, which caused great obstacles to the construction. It is reported that the stone pillars in the church were transported to Linyi by water from Yishui to borrow the "channel" of Yihe River.

The statue of the Virgin Mary and GuWa on the altar were also transported to Linyi by air from Germany. The funds for the construction of the church are constantly donated by the archdeacons of Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.

architectural style

The ancient Roman architecture is a kind of architectural style which inherits the ancient Greek architectural achievements and innovates widely in architectural form, technology and art. Ancient Roman architecture reached its peak in the first and third centuries A.D. Books and pictures of ancient Roman architecture were introduced into China in the late Ming Dynasty. Ricci, an Italian missionary, collected three volumes of the atlas of the ancient city of Rome from Italy, which is stored in the Jesuit Library of Beijing.

Architectural process

In 1892, the Catholic faith was introduced from Wangzhuang, Yishui County, to Yizhou prefecture (now Linyi City) by the German Church of the holy words, acting bishop anzhitai and Italian father froser. In 1903, German priest Nuo Guangxun came to Linyi. Under the guidance of father froser, the Bishops' mansion was built in 1905. In 1907, the mercy hall was built to adopt a baby girl. In 1903, under the guidance of father froser from Germany, father Nuo Guangxun from Germany, with the aid of the donations of the parishioners from Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium, the construction of the magnificent Roman style Linyi cathedral was completed in 1913 (the second year of the Republic of China).

Church area

The church is 17.5 meters wide, 43.2 meters long and 36 meters high, with an overall area of 854 square meters and can accommodate more than 1000 people. The Archdiocese of Linyi diocese was the highest building in Linyi city at that time.

Shandong Qingdao Catholic Church

The original name of Qingdao Catholic Church is Saint Miguel church, which was designed by German designer biloha according to the Gothic and Roman architectural styles. The proposed church should be 100 meters high, which coincided with the outbreak of World War II and Hitler's ban on the outflow of German funds. The church had to modify its drawings to build its current scale. The church was first built in 1932 and completed in 1934. It covers an area of 11480 square meters, of which the building area is 6301.54 square meters. The plane of the church is in Latin "cross" shape. The front is 30 meters high, with a platform. There are two symmetrical and towering bell towers on both sides, with a height of 60 meters. There are four huge copper bells hanging in the upper part of the tower, with melodious and harmonious bell sounds. There is a huge rose window above the gate, and a 4.5-meter-high Cross stands on both sides. The structure of the hall is composed of reinforced concrete and granite. The roof is covered with red tiles with tongue, which is huge, simple and elegant.

The decoration of the church is in the form of Italian Renaissance. The hall is 18 meters high, spacious and bright. There are seven large chandeliers hanging on the ceiling. There is an altar in the rear. With the sacred image murals on the dome, it can be called solemn and beautiful. It can accommodate thousands of believers. It is the largest Gothic building in Qingdao and the only consecration Church in China. It is also a masterpiece of Christian Architectural art. It has become the second famous Catholic Church in Shandong after the Hongjialou Cathedral in Jinan.

During the cultural revolution, the church was seriously damaged. It was restored to use in April 1981 and was listed as a key cultural relic protection unit at the provincial level. The "Cultural Revolution" first changed the life of the church. One day, a scaffold was put up on the spire of the church, which is said to cut off the cross. The news spread all over the city. Thousands of people, from the windows, from the streets, from the seashore, from the top of the mountain, watched a few ghost like figures climb onto the shelves and pull their saws in the blue sky. In the evening, it is said that two people fell off the shelf and died on the spot. It is also said that there is a large organ in the church, which is the only large organ in China. It is said that if it rises, its melodious sound can be heard all over the city, but even such a rare treasure was smashed by the red guards. When I looked up to see the church the next morning, the spire was bare, like a criminal with a shaved head, which was very disturbing Comfortable, it seems that the whole environment has become ugly and evil. Not long after that, I occasionally passed by the church and saw the sawed cross. I was surprised that the cross, which was as thin as a needle, was a bulky guy bigger than two adults. It became a warehouse.

After the turmoil, religious belief was free again, religious property was restored, and the two crosses on the tower were rebuilt. As the most important religious site in Qingdao, the renovated Catholic Church has not only restored religious activities, but also opened to the outside world as an excellent architectural relic. You can visit this magnificent building for only a few yuan.

Honglou Catholic Church in Jinan, Shandong Province

architectural style

The full name of Hongjialou Catholic Church is Hongjialou Bishop's Cathedral of the sacred heart of Jesus, which is generally referred to as Honglou church. It is one of the landmark buildings in Jinan, the "Spring City", and is also the capital of Jinan

Chinese PinYin : Tian Zhu Jiao Tang