Deqing Academy

Deqing Academy

Located in Chaoyang Road, Decheng Town, Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province, Deqing academy is a national key cultural relic protection unit. It was built in 1011, the fourth year of song Xiangfu, and rebuilt in 1297, the first year of Dade in Yuan Dynasty. This solemn ancient building complex is composed of Dacheng hall, Chongsheng hall, Zunjing Pavilion, Xiangxian temple, Xingtan and other buildings, covering an area of more than 8000 square meters. It is a treasure of wood architecture in Yuan Dynasty.

Historical origin

As the name suggests, Deqing academy is a place for students to attend classes. In China, before there were modern primary schools, middle schools and universities, the Academy became an important place to cultivate talents. Xuegong, also known as Confucius Temple, once "respected Confucianism" in Chinese history, and the founder of Confucianism was Confucius. Confucius Temple, regardless of its size, has Dacheng hall. The hall is used for placing statues of Confucius.

Among the numerous Dacheng halls of Confucius temples in southern China, the Dacheng Hall of Deqing academy should be the first in terms of its large scale, skillful structure and powerful momentum. The Dacheng hall was first built in 1081, the fourth year of Yuanfeng in the Northern Song Dynasty. It has a history of more than 900 years. It was rebuilt in 1297, the first year of Dade in Yuan Dynasty. It is the only existing brick and wood structure ancient building of song and Yuan Dynasties in Guangdong Province.

building structure

The original building complex of Deqing academy covers an area of more than 3900 square meters. It sits in the north and south, with Dacheng hall in the center. In front of it, there are wenmingmen, Shilan and panchi. Behind it, there are Chongsheng hall, Zunjing Pavilion, Minglun hall, and the East and West original halls. The designer of Dacheng Hall of Deqing academy breaks the traditional wooden beam structure of "eight pillars supporting empty" and adopts the unique form of "four pillars without top" to meet the requirements of building disaster prevention. The so-called "four pillars without top" is: two inner eaves pillars are reduced in the left and right sides of the hall, and only four round forest gold pillars are erected in the middle of the hall. On the top of the pillars are horizontal brackets, and four gold like brackets are placed to support the trough brace and the ceiling board. On the ceiling, garden columns are erected to support the main beam; on the gables and the capitals of the front and rear eaves columns.

The overlapping brackets supporting the eaves. The girder of the hall was constructed by the method of deer structure. In order to protect the hall from lightning, the ancient architects adopted a unique design to eliminate the danger of "step voltage" in electricity; the four round wooden pillars that can not reach the top are called "Lei Gong pillars". From the perspective of appearance art, Dacheng hall is magnificent and wide. In addition, the high platform foundation and high column foundation are used, the granite columns are used for the front eaves, and the high walls are surrounded on the left, right and back sides, so that the whole hall has good lighting, even light, flood control and moth prevention.

Leading position

Outside the Dacheng hall, there are flower gates on the front, gables with double eaves, and carved ornaments on the roof. The red sun rises in the middle, and carp on both sides turn up. Two pairs of carved dragons, each according to one side, hold their heads high. These art forms reflect the purpose of building the Confucius Temple: "the way of sages is like the sun at its zenith. Li Yue Longmen, Yu Kai Wen Yun. Dacheng Hall of Deqing academy has high architectural art in both external shape and internal structure. It is a typical Lingnan building in ancient times and a rare architectural masterpiece. Therefore, it is highly praised by Chinese ancient architects. It is believed that this Dacheng hall is the crystallization of science and culture of the motherland and was in the leading position in the world architecture at that time.

Deqing academy is located in Deqing County on the Bank of Xijiang River in Guangdong Province. It was first built in the fourth year of dazhongxiangfu in the Song Dynasty (A.D. 1011) and rebuilt in the first year of Dade in the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1297).

It is composed of stone railing, lingxingmen, panchi, dachengmen, Xingtan, dongxiwei, Dacheng hall, Minghuan Xiangxian temple, Chongsheng hall, Zunjing Pavilion and zunshengyi temple. It is a group of solemn and majestic ancient buildings and a key cultural relic protection unit in China. Dacheng hall is the main building of the Academy. For double eaves gray tile Xie peak, the plane is square, the width, depth of each five.

The hall covers an area of more than 300 square meters and is 19.4 meters high. It has a unique architectural style, which is different from the general ancient hall with "eight pillars supporting empty space". In the Ming Dynasty, four gold pillars did not reach the roof. On the top of the pillars, 12 pieces of imitation gold buckets were placed, supporting the trough Fang and the ceiling of the wellhead, forming a unique structure of "four pillars without top". It is similar to Zhenwu Pavilion in Rongxian County, Guangxi Province, which has "four pillars without top" It is called "a pair of pearls" of ancient wooden architecture in South China. It is the only extant wood structure building of song and Yuan Dynasties in Guangdong Province, known as "national treasure".

cultural heritage

Deqing academy, a national key cultural relic protection unit, is the oldest existing Confucian temple in South China and a national key cultural relic protection unit. The Dacheng hall is of great significance to the study of the architectural history of song and Yuan Dynasties in China. It is a treasure of wood architecture of Yuan Dynasty in Lingnan. Xie Fei, the late vice chairman of the Political Bureau Committee of the CPC Central Committee and the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, wrote the inscription "protect the environment"

"Protect cultural relics, study history and educate future generations"; ye Xuanping, vice chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference, inscribed the plaque of "Deqing academy"; Ma Wanqi, former member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and chairman of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce in Macao, now vice chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference, praised "the king of mountain scenery hall"; long Qingzhong, the late famous ancient architect of China, inscribed "four pillars without top" for Dacheng hall; and the State Administration of cultural relics specially designed the hall Professor Luo Zhewen, the leader of the family group and a famous expert on ancient architecture, wrote the inscription "Deqing academy, a treasure of ancient architecture". It adds new luster to this ancient and precious human heritage.

Characteristics of the Academy

Located in Deqing Confucius Temple in Deqing County, the school palace is a national key cultural relic protection unit. The main building Dacheng hall is famous for its "four pillars without top" and is known as the Pearl of ancient architecture in southern China. Zhang Shiqing, an architect of ancient architecture, called it "solidified history and silent music"; Luo Zhewen, an expert of ancient architecture, called it "treasure of ancient architecture". Professor Huang Weizong of Sun Yat sen University called it "Lingnan School". Its "ancient", "strange", "majestic" and "thick" features are praised by the world: Ancient - it was built in the fourth year of Xiangfu in Song Dynasty (1011) and rebuilt in the first year of Dade in Yuan Dynasty (1297). It has a history of more than 700 years. It is the oldest existing Confucian temple in Lingnan, 70 years earlier than Panyu academy, nearly 100 years earlier than Suzhou Confucian temple, and 10 years earlier than Guozijian in Beijing at that time.

The architectural skills of Dacheng hall are known by the world as follows: first, "four pillars do not reach the top of the hall", four gold pillars in the Ming Dynasty do not reach the top of the hall, but the horizontal frame of Doufang on the top of the pillars, which is supported by twelve lotus shaped brackets; second, "reducing four pillars", which is under the double eaves on both sides and two pillars in the middle of each province, so as to reduce four pillars in the hall; third, "out of the strong points", which is made of seven eaves and Dougong The total length of the jump is 112 points, ranking the first in the same kind of Dougong in the Tang and Song dynasties. The above "extraordinary achievements" are isolated cases in China. Xiong Deqing Confucius temple palace style three road building complex is magnificent, and Dacheng hall is the most magnificent. It is the top of the hill with heavy eaves and grey tiles. The plane is square, with five bays in width and five bays in depth. The Dacheng gate in front of the hall and the East and West veranda on both sides form a square palace courtyard, which makes the Dacheng hall look grand and solemn, majestic and brilliant.

Deqing Confucius Temple has accumulated profound Confucius culture. Although it experienced the catastrophe of the cultural revolution, there are still well preserved Dacheng hall and many historical materials. In recent years, the original buildings such as zunshengyi temple, Minghuan temple and Yixue have been restored according to the original appearance, so that the original appearance of Confucius Temple can be restored. Confucius Temple set up Scholarship Foundation to award the top students in the college entrance examination every year. It is a place to encourage students to respect the sages and make progress in their studies.

Internal structure

Dacheng hall was built in 1011, the fourth year of Dazhong Xiangfu in the Northern Song Dynasty, and rebuilt in 1297, the first year of Dade in the Yuan Dynasty. The original shape of the school palace is very well prepared. Now only the main hall and the East and West veranda are left. The main hall was overhauled in 1604 (the 32nd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), 1717 (the 56th year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty) and 1973. It still retains the architectural style of the song and Yuan Dynasties. It is a national key cultural relic protection unit. Dacheng hall adopts effective construction technology in flood control, heightening the foundation of the hall, setting a granite threshold of 35cm in height, with granite columns in the front eaves and high walls on the left, right and rear sides, and using high granite column foundations, especially the four gold pillars in the center, with a stone foundation of 82cm in height.

Dacheng hall is 17.36 meters wide with five rooms. The depth of 5 rooms is 17.53 meters, and the building area is 304 square meters. The plane is almost square, which is an ancient system of song and Yuan Dynasties. In the center of the hall, there are four columns, only four large wooden gold columns in the center. In front of the hall is a platform with a depth of 3.22 meters and a depth of 8.7 meters, which is surrounded by brick railings. In front of the platform, there are footpaths in the middle and left and right sides respectively. In front of the platform, there is a stone worship altar with a width of 6.15 meters and a depth of 4.73 meters. Dacheng hall is 19.4 meters high, with double eaves and grey tile roofs. The slope is gentle. The eaves are far-reaching. Don't worry about it. There is a mountain flower board on the mountain surface, each with a hanging fish. There are 11 kinds of duels in Dacheng hall. The style of the lower eaves Dou? Liang is the same as that of the Song Dynasty. The style of the column head and bu Jian Pu are all seven Pu Zuo, with single copy and three lower hang up. The two straight hang up tails are two oaks long, which is very rare. The total length of the jump ranks first among the existing Dou (seven Pu Zuo) of the Tang and Song dynasties in China. The front and back eaves of the upper eaves are the remains of the Yuan Dynasty. It adopts the shape of elephant nose, which is an earlier form and later popular in the Qing Dynasty. The beam frame of Dacheng hall adopts the method of big burden structure, which omits four double eaves and two eight rafters, so that the space inside the hall is complete and open, which is an isolated example of South China architecture.

The decoration of Dacheng hall has strong Lingnan local characteristics. The upper fan of the hall door is made of palace pattern, and a flower cover is placed between the forehead and the body between the gold pillars behind the double eaves of the hall, with unique pattern.

Chinese PinYin : De Qing Xue Gong