Jingxingyao site

Jingxingyao site

Jingxing kiln site is a large-scale porcelain kiln site cluster in Sui, Tang, song, Jin, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The site is located in the north central part of Jingxing county and Jingxing mining area in Hebei Province.

Jingxing kiln site is an ancient kiln site group with wide distribution, long firing time and rich cultural connotation. Jingxing kiln site is of great value to the study of the development of Chinese ceramic technology.

Historical evolution

Jingxing kiln site, 1300 years ago from 2011 in the Sui Dynasty, Jingxing kiln has made mature white porcelain. The jingxingyao site was discovered in 1989, and was designated as a key cultural relic protection unit at the provincial level in 1993. Meanwhile, the scope of protection was delimited and announced.

In the winter of 2000, Geng Baochang, a researcher of the National Palace Museum, who is known as "the first person to identify ancient Chinese ceramics", put forward that Jingxing kiln can be listed as the "four ancient kilns in Hebei" along with Xing kiln, Ding kiln and Cizhou kiln.

Cultural relics protection

In 2001, jingxingyao site was announced as the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Archaeological process

After 10 years of archaeological investigation, Chinese archaeologists have found and identified 10 kiln sites, among which hedongpo and fengjiagou areas have an area of more than 100000 square meters, and Chengguan kiln site is the most important one with a long time span and rich connotation.

In 1989, the cultural relics workers of Hebei Province found three kilns in Dongguan, hedongpo and dongyaoling villages when they reviewed the cultural relics in Jingxing. In the following eight years, nine kilns were found in three towns of Tianchang, Xiulin and Nanxing in Jingxing, and within 160 square kilometers of Tianhu and fengjiagou villages in the mining area. Including Dongguan, hedongpo, dongyaoling, meizhuang, nanxiulin, fengjiagou, Nanxing, Beixing, nanfangkou, covering an area of more than 1.6 million square meters. In 1995, Jingxing kiln unearthed 12 complete printing molds at one time, with different patterns. The degree of delicacy is not inferior to that of Ding kiln molds, and the kiln style in the pattern form exceeds that of Ding kiln;

In July 1998, Jingxing kiln unearthed kilns and workshops of Tang, five and Jin Dynasties, which added important materials to the relationship between kilns in northern China and ceramic research;

Research value

In 1999, more than 30 pieces of porcelain were found in the kiln site of Hebei Institute of culture and research. The lotus fuming bowl of Tang Dynasty, the white glazed double fish four series back pot, the water ripple waist round white porcelain pillow of Song Dynasty, the leaf pillow of Li Lu die pattern of Jin Dynasty, and each piece of exquisite porcelain initially showed the more than 1300 years of porcelain making history of this kiln mouth, which is of great value to promote the study of ancient ceramic history in northern China In September, a breakthrough was made in the excavation of the kiln group. A workshop of the Miao kiln site in the Jin Dynasty was preserved, and the remains of the hanging frame and the drying carbon ditch added important information to the history of porcelain making in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties;

In 2000, the news of "Jingxing kiln unearthed stamp dot color stamp mold" shocked the domestic ceramic industry, and the research of Jingxing kiln has become a grand event in the cultural relic field at the turn of the century.

Main features

According to archaeological findings, Jingxing kiln lasted for 700 years, including Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, song, Jin, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Porcelain firing began in Tang Dynasty and ended in Yuan Dynasty. Song and Jin Dynasties were its prosperous period.

Compared with other windows, Jingxing kiln has its unique charm. In its firing history, white porcelain was mainly fired, followed by sauce glaze, black brown glaze and black glazed porcelain, and a small number of Tianmu glaze, green glaze and yellow glaze ware were also seen. No matter the age of white glaze, fine porcelain was pure white, medium coarse porcelain was white and green, and in the late Yuan Dynasty, it was light pea green.

unearthed relic

In addition, there are more than 20 varieties such as porcelain pillows and pots.

The main decoration methods are drawing, engraving, printing and hollowing out. The 12 printing molds unearthed from Jingxing kiln show the exquisite art of printing in Jin Dynasty, with rich contents and various techniques. Stippling began to be used in the specimens from the late Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, there were engraving, engraving and printing, and printing flourished in the Jin Dynasty. The shapes of the utensils are mainly various bowls and plates, followed by bowls, bowls, bottles, pots, zuns, pots, boxes, basins, stoves, lamps, pillows, building components, figures, animals and small plastic toys. The most distinctive porcelain pillows are decorated with flower drawing, printing, flower picking, etc., and the representative products are benzu, Benniu, wolu, Lilu, duilu and palace maids.

In the first excavation, fine white porcelain boxes with daiguan characters were unearthed in the Five Dynasties, and in the second excavation, white porcelain plates decorated with gold powder were found. At the same time, the clues of firing tricolor ware were found. Through the determination of Jingxing kiln characteristics, we can know that Pingding kiln and Yuxian kiln in Shanxi belong to Jingxing kiln series.

Jingxing kiln firing with Ding kiln white porcelain printing style of utensils, Jingxing kiln firing varieties mainly white glazed porcelain, generally using plate and bowl center scraping glaze stack firing method, with a typical Jin Dynasty style. On the whole, the material quantity of the ware is slightly lower than that of Ding kiln porcelain in Quyang, but its fine products can not be separated from Ding kiln.

Documentation

There are many records about Jingxing kiln in historical documents

"Qianlong Zhengding Fu Zhi · Volume 12 products": " The porcelain produced in Zhengding Prefecture belongs to the jar jar jar, which came out of Jingxing in Ming Dynasty

According to the 14th book of the Ministry of industry of the Ming Dynasty, "in the 26th year of Hongwu Period, it was decided that the sample system and artificial materials should be determined for firing tribute utensils." Take a craftsman to Beijing Where the firing in Beijing, Tianshun three years Title accurate, glass kiln porcelain cylinder, firing once a decade. According to the old practice, the vats and glazes were sent to Zhending mansion. "

Another early record is "Zhending mansion" in "Jin Shi · geographical records" and "Hebei West Road". It produces porcelain, copper and iron "There are danfanchang and Wuli."

Although there are many documents about Jingxing kiln, the site of Jingxing kiln has not been found. In 1973, Feng Xianming published a batch of porcelain kilns to be investigated in local records, ranking Jingxing kiln in the first place of 61 porcelain kilns to be found.

Development history

The rise, prosperity and decline of Jingxing kiln have their natural and social reasons.

The porcelain production of Sui Dynasty had a great development compared with that of the southern and Northern Dynasties. Although the production center was still in the south, it had a trend of developing to the north. It is in this period that Jingxing kiln began to burn. In Jingxing County, the gangue soil for porcelain can be seen everywhere, which belongs to quartz, feldspar and glaze soil for ingredients. In addition, the forests all over the mountains, thick coal seams and rich water resources make Jingxing have unique conditions for making porcelain.

After the development of Sui Dynasty, by Tang Dynasty, China's white porcelain manufacturing was very mature, forming a pattern of "green in the South and white in the north". Xingyao, Quyang kiln (Ding kiln) and Jingxing kiln were the most prominent in Hebei Province. Due to the relatively closed environment and other reasons, Jingxing kiln was covered by the glory of the other two kilns which were more famous in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty.

Jingxing kiln was most famous in Jin Dynasty. Its products from mianman River and Jingxing Yi Road to Jingxing reach Zhengding (Zhengding). Zhending has become the largest commodity distribution center of Jingxing kiln, so Zhending porcelain is recorded as "Zhending porcelain produced by Zhending government". Zhending kiln products are sold all over the country and exported to foreign countries. The development of Jingxing kiln in Jin Dynasty has its political reasons. Because Jingxing's strategic position is important, Jin people strengthened their control and made it more competitive Xing and Ding restored the order of social production earlier, so in the early Jin Dynasty, there was a scene of "complex and common times of the past". In this context of social security, relying on the already developed ceramic manufacturing industry and attracting the craftsmen of Xing and Ding, Jingxing kiln took the lead in developing. Jingxing kiln began to decline in Yuan Dynasty, which was closely related to the rise of porcelain manufacturing industry in southern Jingdezhen.

Great significance

Jingxing kiln products are collected in Hebei Institute of cultural relics and Hebei Museum. Because the discovery and research of Jingxing kiln started late, many Jingxing kiln porcelains are considered as Dingyao ware and Cizhou ware. For example, Zhou Shulan and Hu Meisheng compiled the selected works of Chinese ancient ceramic art (Zhongzhou ancient books publishing house, 1992 edition), in which page 99-101 and 103 "Song Ding kiln flower carving gall deer, lying deer, deer, running cattle pillow"; page 199 "Song Ding kiln stamp printing pillow"; Li Xiuzhen and Zhang Hui "Hebei Museum collection of ceramic pillows Overview" (1992 issue 1) plate 2, 8.12 "Song Cizhou kiln gray glaze flower carving porcelain pillow" "Song Cizhou kiln double deer pattern porcelain pillow" and "Song silver ingot shaped carved porcelain pillow" are actually Jingxing kiln products.

From July to August 2000, jingjingyao Jin dynasty printed porcelain pieces were found in anci District of Langfang.

From June to August 2000, a large number of Jingxing kilns of Jin Dynasty were produced in Huanghua.

As the fourth famous kiln in Hebei Province, the discovery and research of Jingxing kiln is of great historical significance.

First of all, some artifacts of typical Jingxing kilns (such as stamp pillow) were identified, and a number of deviations that were mistakenly identified as Cizhou kiln, Ding kiln or Xing kiln products were corrected, which will further deepen the research on the development history of northern white porcelain.

Secondly, the development and research of Jingxing kiln not only added an important intermediary to the research of the relationship between Xingyao and Dingyao, but also directly linked the ancient ceramic industry in Hebei and Shanxi, that is, around Taihang Mountain. Thirdly, Jingxing kiln played an important role in the development of northern ceramics in the late Tang Dynasty and Jin Dynasty

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