Baoding Military Academy

Baoding Military Academy

synonym

Baoding military academy generally refers to Baoding military academy

Baoding Military Academy (abbreviated as Baoding Military Academy) was founded in 1912 in Baoding City, Hebei Province. It is the first regular military academy in modern Chinese history. It was closed in 1923. The former site of the Academy was the Qing Dynasty Beiyang military academy, Beiyang Army Academy and Army Academy.

After the founding of the Republic of China, the Beiyang government established the "Army Academy" on the original site. Because it was established in Baoding, it was known as Baoding military academy. There were nine phases of the Academy, which was closed in 1923. In May 2006, the former site of Baoding military academy was approved by the State Council as the Sixth Batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

On December 2, 2017, it was selected as "the second batch of Chinese 20th century architectural heritage".

Historical evolution

In November 1901, Li Hongzhang died of illness, and Yuan Shikai took over as governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang in Baoding. According to the Treaty of Xin Chou, the training teachers of the station were not allowed to be stationed near Tianjin, so they also moved to Baoding.

In 1902, Yuan Shikai, governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang, set up the standing army (New Army) outside Dongguan of Baoding, and set up the military and Political Department (the office of the governor of xuangai), under which there were three departments, namely the military equipment, the staff officer and the coach, with Liu Yongqing, Duan Qirui and Feng Guozhang as the general managers. In May, with the permission of Yuan Shikai, the "Beiyang camp general school" was set up outside Dongguan of Baoding, with Feng Guozhang as the general manager (i.e. president).

In February 1903, Yuan Shikai invited the Army primary school, army secondary school, army officer school and army college to conduct regular military education and training. In 1903, the "Beiyang army rapid armament school" was built outside Dongguan of Baoding.

In August 1903, the school began its first enrollment.

In 1906, in order to unify the military system and take back the military power to the central government, the Qing government set up the Army Department. In August of the same year, the Beiyang rapid armament school was closed, and the National Army rapid armament school was founded at the former site of the school. It is directly under the jurisdiction of the central government.

From 1906 to 1911, they were set up in Baoding School: Army rapid school, army officer school and army preparation school.

After Yuan Shikai became the president of the Republic of China in 1912, he appointed Duan Qirui as the chief of the army. In July of that year, with the approval of the Ministry of the army, he moved the army preparation college to Beijing and renamed it the Army University. In October, the Army Academy was opened in Baoding. The first principal was Zhao Litai, a close friend of Duan Qirui.

In July 1913, when the second revolution broke out, the students from Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Fujian, Sichuan and other provincial military academies took advantage of the military academies' summer vacation to take part in the anti yuan war in Jiangxi and other places. They did not return to school until the end of March.

In 1920, when the Zhiwan war broke out, the warlords took the officers and soldiers of the 15th division of Anhui Department into Baoding military school after surrender. Because they could not get the pay in time, the officers and soldiers of the 15th division mutinied, looted the military school and set fire to the school buildings. When Cao Kun sent troops to suppress it, he seized the opportunity to take away 2000 rifles and 300 mules and horses. So that the school could not resume classes.

Baoding military academy was closed in August 1923.

After the closure of Baoding military academy, Cao Kun moved his lecture hall in Caohe to the former site of the Academy. After the fall of Cao Kun, the military academy was closed down, and it became the barracks of the direct, Fengxi, and Kuomintang troops. Every time it was changed, the school was destroyed.

After the July 7th incident in 1937, it became an important base for the Japanese aggressors in Baoding.

After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the school buildings were demolished. After the liberation of Baoding, the military academy was transformed into a farm and then into a livestock farm.

In 1993, the site of Baoding military academy was announced as a cultural relic protection unit in Hebei Province. In June of the same year, the preparation office of Baoding military academy memorial hall was established.

In 1995, the first phase of the memorial hall imitating the original military academy building style was built on the military academy site.

In 2002, it was expanded to 12 Mu and the inspection stand was restored.

In September 2002, Baoding military academy square, the largest in North China, was built with an investment of 140 million yuan and opened to the outside world.

In October 2003, the memorial hall of Baoding military academy officially opened.

In May 2006, the former site of Baoding Military Academy (1912-1923) was approved by the State Council as "the Sixth Batch of national key cultural relics protection units".

academic research

system of education

Baoding military academy attaches importance to basic education. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was an Army primary school in each province (at that time, the Army primary school in Zhili Province was located in Yao village, Dingxing county). Its students were mainly selected from the children of flag people stationed in various places, followed by a Han student with excellent physique and academic performance who was selected from the primary schools in each county. They were between 14 and 5 years old and enjoyed public welfare. After graduating from the Army primary school, the outstanding ones were promoted to the army secondary school. At that time, there were four army middle schools in China. The first army middle school was in Qinghe town of Beijing, the second army middle school was in Nanjing, the Third Army middle school was in Wuchang, and the Fourth Army middle school was in Xi'an. After graduating from the army middle school, they form a "Cadet team" and spend half a year in the branch school of Baoding military academy. After strict training and examination, only those who are qualified can be promoted to the Army Academy. Therefore, the quality of military students is relatively neat.

In 1912, the Republic of China was founded, and Army primary schools in all provinces stopped recruiting students. Baoding military academy reopened, and the students who entered this year were designated as the first phase of Baoding military academy. In the first year of the Republic of China (1912 AD), four army secondary schools were merged into two army officer reserve schools (one in Qinghe town, Beijing, and the other in Wuchang, Hubei). In the sixth year of the Republic of China (A.D. 1917), the last class of students who entered the Army primary school had been promoted to school, and there was no new student source in the Army Reserve school. In the summer vacation of this year, Qinghe No.1 preparatory school recruited a group of new students from the students of grade two or above of ordinary middle school (Four-year system), all of whom were selected after strict examinations. In the spring of 1918, all the students who were promoted from the former Army primary school to Baoding military academy graduated, and the Army Department changed the enrollment system. Baoding military academy directly recruited a number of students from ordinary middle school graduates. These students were first sent to the companies below the division level to serve as soldiers for nine months. After the expiration of the period, they passed the examination before they were enrolled in the military academy. These are the eighth students of Baoding military academy. The group of students recruited by the Army Reserve Academy in 1917, the sixth year of the Republic of China, were promoted to Baoding Military Academy in 1921. This is the ninth and last period of students.

Discipline construction

The main function of Baoding military academy is to train junior officers. The period of study is two years. There are more than 1300 middle school students in the military academy. There are 5 divisions of infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineer and logistics, 7 companies of infantry, 2 companies of cavalry, 2 companies of artillery, 1 company of engineer and 1 company of logistics. One section chief is set up in each section to directly manage the education affairs of undergraduate students. There are about 120 students in a company, 3 rows in each company and 3 classes in each row. As company commander, most of them were graduates of the army Accelerated School in the late Qing Dynasty. Each subject has an instructor, who serves as an educational subject of four major courses: tactics, city building, weapons and transportation. There are also military system studies, the standard orders of various military subjects, and various foreign languages. Technical subjects are divided into playground, field, stabbing, gymnastics and so on. There are also learning and implementation of surveying terrain.

Its educational methods are mostly Japanese and German. In addition to military tactics, weapons, surveying and mapping, fortification and model orders, physical and chemical, mathematics, history, geography and so on, each class is one and a half hours. The pamphlet is the criterion of the coach's military actions. General knowledge and foreign languages are supplementary education. Civilian teachers are employed to enrich students' military knowledge and prepare for the gradual and comprehensive study of various military exercises. Technical training, first in the playground for a variety of standard coaches, and then to the training ground exercises. Field exercises, first from simple to complex, and then gradually into a comprehensive joint exercise. There are shooting ranges for live ammunition, horse training ranges, artillery training ranges, civil engineering and bridge building ranges for engineers, and blasting exercises are conducted in places that do not cause harm. Auxiliary techniques, such as gymnastics, stabbing, martial arts, etc., have professional instructors in the compound. Equipment operation is carried out in the equipment playground outside the school gate. Most of these training courses are one hour, and the formal training is usually two hours. The field exercise takes at least half a day. When the subjects are complex and far away from school, it is increased to one to several days. They also carried tents and cooking utensils to organize life at the exercise site.

During his two years in the military academy, he spent a year and a half studying in school. In the other half of the year, he camped in Changxindian and Tanghu town (between Beijing and Baoding) to carry out live firing and surveying practice. After the internship, I will return to school to hold the graduation ceremony. After graduation, they were distributed to the army units of various provinces for half a year's probation. At the end of the probation period, they are assigned to serve as cadres in various units, starting with the lowest second lieutenant. From the Army primary school to the middle school and Baoding military academy, the students have been studying for more than seven years. Therefore, the graduation at that time was distributed to the army all over the country, which was generally welcomed. However, in the early years of the Republic of China, the political situation was extremely chaotic, and Yuan Shikai's imperial system was opposed by many provinces

Chinese PinYin : Bao Ding Jun1 Xiao