Qingdao Observatory

Qingdao Observatory is located on the shore of the Yellow Sea and Jiaozhou Bay. It is a beautiful summer resort in Qingdao city. It is 75 meters above sea level. Founded by the German in 1898, it was occupied twice by the Japanese army and returned to China after the victory of the Anti Japanese war in 1946. After liberation, it was taken over by the Navy. In 1957, astronomy, geomagnetism and earthquake were transferred to the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since then, the Qingdao Observatory has been divided into two parts: the meteorological part belongs to the Navy, and the other part is named "Zijinshan Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Observatory". In 1926, as the only representative of China, Qingdao Observatory was invited to participate in the first world longitude survey. In 1931, the dome astronomical observation room with a height of 14 meters and a diameter of 7.8 meters, which was designed and built by China itself, was completed on the top of the Guanxiang mountain. In 1932, the first astronomical telescope with a diameter of 32 cm, which was introduced into China, was put into use, marking the modernization of China's astronomy. Among the many mountain parks in the urban area of Qingdao, only "dome platform peeping image" has been listed as one of the ten scenic spots in Qingdao. Dome refers to the Qingdao Observatory of Zijinshan Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which is located on the top of the observation mountain. According to records, Guanxiang mountain has been a park since the early 1930s. After liberation, we further planted trees, flowers and grass, laid stone paths, stone tables, stone chairs, pavilions, flower corridors, etc. At the top of the mountain, there is the national leveling origin built by the surveying and Mapping Bureau of the general staff of the Chinese people's Liberation Army in the 1950s. The altitude of all parts of the country is calculated from this point. In the mid-1980s, guanxiangshan Park was planned as an activity place to carry out astronomy and meteorology popular science education and climbing tour.

Qingdao Observatory

The Qingdao Observatory was founded in 1910 and completed in 1912. The main building has 7 floors and is 21.6 meters high. It is located on the shore of the Yellow Sea and the Jiaozhou Bay. It is a beautiful summer resort - the top of Guanxiang mountain in the urban area of Qingdao at an altitude of 75 meters.

In 1898, the German naval port survey department built the meteorological and astronomical survey Institute at No. 1 Guantao road. In 1905, it was renamed "Royal Qingdao observatory."

It is one of the three major observatories in the Far East in modern times, and occupies a very important position in the development history of Meteorology and Marine Science in modern China.

Development history

Qingdao Observatory has the first geomagnetic observation room in China, which is the geomagnetic observation and research base in the early 20th century.

Qingdao Observatory has participated in the first and second world longitude survey and made important contributions to China's astronomy.

In 1914, after the Japanese occupation of Qingdao, Qingdao Observatory was renamed Qingdao Observatory, also known as the Climate Survey Institute.

After China took back Qingdao in 1922, the famous astronomer Jiang Bingran was appointed as the director of the observatory.

After the Chinese government regained the sovereignty of Qingdao in 1922, the Japanese side should have returned the observatory to China, but the Japanese side deliberately misinterpreted the relevant provisions in the "Shandong outstanding case details agreement" and refused to return the observatory to China. After several negotiations with the Japanese government and its Consulate in Qingdao, the Chinese observers entered the observatory. However, the Japanese personnel still stayed in Taichung to carry out their duties, resulting in the observation and recording of meteorological data by the Chinese and Japanese observers respectively, which led to a "suspense case of Japanese observers at the observatory". In order to express the vow to firmly reclaim the sovereignty of the observatory and promote the early settlement of the "Japanese member's outstanding case", Qingdao Observatory submitted a petition to the jiaoao supervision office to agree to set February 15 as the reception anniversary of the observatory. However, the return of the observatory was very bumpy. Under the repeated negotiations of the Ministry of foreign affairs of the Nanjing National Government, Japan still delayed withdrawing its observers. It was not until August 1937, when Japan withdrew all the overseas Chinese in Qingdao that the observatory was completely recovered by China. The weather station, also known as Observatory and weather station, is located at the top of Guanxiang mountain in Shinan District. It was moved here from No.1 Guantao road in 1905. There are 2 German style buildings, 14 Chinese style bungalows and 2 dome astronomical observation rooms. The main building was built from June 1910 to January 1912, designed by German Paul Friedrich Richter. The main body of the building is 7 stories, 21.6 meters high, all of which are made of granite with battlements. It is a building with the style of European ancient stone castle. According to the memorandum of the German naval ministry at that time, "the completed pre design includes a main office building with offices, spacious laboratory, library, public reading room, constant temperature basement for storing clocks, instrument temperature coefficient measurement room with double heating equipment, metalworking workshop and other ancillary rooms. In addition, the geomagnetic observation room is also in the planning, "the observatory was later renamed observatory.".

February 15, 1924 is the first reception anniversary of Qingdao observatory.

In 1924, it was officially accepted and renamed as the observatory.

In April 1929, the Nanjing national government sent Chen Zhongfu to take over Qingdao, and the personnel turnover was inevitable. Cai Yuanpei, who presided over the Academia Sinica at that time, personally wrote to Hu Hanmin, President of the Legislative Yuan of the national government, asking him to cable Chen Zhongfu not to change Jiang Bingran's position as director of the Taiwan affairs because of the change of political power. After Qingdao was identified as a special city, the municipal organizations were readjusted. It was proposed that the Qingdao Observatory should be transferred to the jurisdiction of Qingdao Municipal Bureau of education. After learning the news, Mr. Cai Yuanpei sent two telegrams to Wu Siyu, acting mayor of Qingdao special city at that time, on July 26. He firmly opposed that the observatory was subordinate to the Education Bureau. Mr. Cai believes that the Qingdao Observatory is different from the general government agencies. It is related to municipal administration and aviation administration. It is mainly engaged in specialized academic research and application. The education bureau is set up for universal education. Although universities are part of education, they are not under the jurisdiction of the education department or the Education Bureau due to their emphasis on academic research. Since the observatory is not within the scope of education, it is not suitable to be subordinate to the Bureau of education. The qualification of the director of the observatory is equal to that of a university professor. The director of the local observatory of all countries in the world is appointed by the central observatory. The status and treatment of the director of the observatory in a special city should be equal to that of the directors. If you are subordinate to the director general, those who are full of learning and integrity will not yield, and there will be no progress in Taiwan Affairs, which will affect the development of meteorological science. Wu Siyu was asked not to adopt this stupid suggestion, and the head of the observatory should be directly under the central government of the mayor. At the same time, Wu Siyu was earnestly admonished that he must seek the opinions of Academia Sinica for any candidate of the director of the observatory in the future. In the 1930s, funding has always been the bottleneck affecting the development of Qingdao observatory. Cai Yuanpei and Zhu Kezhen raised funds from various sources. In addition to allocating 500 yuan each month from the two institutes of astronomy and meteorology of Academia Sinica, they also mobilized the successive mayors of Qingdao to raise and increase funding for the Observatory, so that the business of Qingdao Observatory could develop smoothly.

In October 1931, the first large-scale astronomical observation room built by China itself was built on the top of the West Mountain in the west of the building. The whole building is a granite circle, 8 meters in diameter and 14 meters in height. The top of the spherical structure is a steel wood structure, which can rotate for 9 minutes, and the observation window is 1.2 meters wide. At that time, the building was equipped with a large astronomical telescope with an aperture of 32cm and a focal length of 3.58M manufactured by the French Poulin factory, as well as a national Yellow Sea benchmark and geomagnetic room. It is now the Qingdao observatory.

In 1937, the Japanese occupied it again and returned it to China after the victory of the Anti Japanese war in 1946.

After liberation in 1949, it was taken over by the Navy.

In 1957, astronomy, geomagnetism and earthquake were transferred to the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since then, the Qingdao Observatory has been divided into two parts: the meteorological part belongs to the Navy and is named as the meteorological regional Observatory of the North Sea Fleet Command of the Chinese people's Liberation Army; the other part is named as the Qingdao Observatory of the Zijinshan Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The establishment of the station was abolished in 1978 and planned to be the Institute of Oceanography. In 1993, the former name Yuanli was restored.

Among the many mountain parks in the urban area of Qingdao, only "dome platform peeping image" has been listed as one of the ten scenic spots in Qingdao. Dome refers to the Qingdao Observatory of Zijinshan Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which is located on the top of the observation mountain. Guanxiang mountain is 79 meters above sea level. It is gentle with flat top and beautiful environment. According to records, Guanxiang mountain has been a park since the early 1930s. After liberation, we further planted trees, flowers and grass, laid stone paths, stone tables, stone chairs, pavilions, flower corridors, etc. At the top of the mountain, there is the national leveling origin built by the surveying and Mapping Bureau of the general staff of the Chinese people's Liberation Army in the 1950s. The altitude of all parts of the country is calculated from this point. In the mid-1980s, guanxiangshan Park was planned as an activity place to carry out astronomy and meteorology popular science education and climbing tour.

Significance of scenic spots

Qingdao Observatory is the birthplace of modern astronomy in China. Although it was founded by the German people, occupied by Japan twice, and established in several changes, its main achievements, especially its pioneering contributions in astronomy, were carried out after China took over. Jiang Bingran, Gao Pingzi and other scientists of the older generation created China's modern astronomy under the difficult environment of warlords' scuffle and strong neighbors' pressure.

In 1924, we started our own time service;

In 1925, we initiated the modern sunspot observation and research, and accumulated the first batch of modern sunspot observation data for our country;

In 1926, Qingdao Observatory, as a representative of China, was invited to participate in the first world longitude survey, with excellent results. It was praised by the chairman of the international longitude survey Association in a special letter, which opened the international cooperation of China's astronomy field;

In 1931, the first dome Astronomical Observatory (7.8m in diameter) built by China was completed in Qingtai;

In 1932, the first 32 / 20cm astrophotographic telescope imported from China was put into use

Chinese PinYin : Qing Dao Guan Xiang Tai