Tumen River

Tumen River, located in the southeast border of Jilin Province, is the boundary river between China and North Korea, and the downstream is the boundary river between Russia and North Korea. The Tumen River rises at the east foot of Changbai Mountain and flows into the sea of Japan with a total length of 525 km.

Tumen River

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

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Tumen River, a river in Northeast Asia, originates at the east foot of the main peak of Changbai mountain range on the border between China and North Korea. The river flows from south to north through four counties and cities in China, namely, Helong City, Longjing City, Tumen City and Hunchun City, Liangjiang road and North Xianjing road in North Korea, and Hassan District in Russia's coastal border area, and flows into the sea of Japan at the border between Russia and North Korea. The total length of the main stream is 525 km, the length of the river section between China and North Korea is 510 km, and the length of the river section between Russia and North Korea is 15 km. The total drainage area is 33168 square kilometers. The total drop of the river is 1297m and the average gradient is 1.2 ‰.

The Tumen River was originally an inland river in China. Before the 15th century, both sides of the Tumen River were led by the Nuzhen people, a minority nationality in China. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, local administrative organs were set up on both sides of the Tumen River by appeasing the Nuzhen people, and the South Bank of the Tumen River was once the territory of the Ming Dynasty. In the middle of the 15th century, six towns, Huining, Funing, Zhongcheng, Wencheng, Qingyuan and Qingxing, were set up along the South Bank of Tumen River, marking that Tumen River began to become the boundary between China and Korea.

Tumen River is the only channel for China to enter the sea of Japan. From 1858 to 1860, under the threat of tsarist Russia's military force, through the Treaty of Aihui and the Treaty of Beijing, the coastal areas of Tumen River Estuary belonged to Russia, and China lost the right to go to sea. In 1991, China and the Soviet Union signed the agreement on the eastern section of the border between China and the Soviet Union, which stipulated that the Soviet side agreed to allow Chinese ships (flying the Chinese flag) to sail back and forth along the Tumen River. In 1992, with the approval of the two countries, China restored the right to go to sea on the Tumen River. However, due to the fact that the Russian DPRK railway bridge is too low (only 7 meters) and the river channel is blocked, it can only pass boats of less than 300 tons. Moreover, the Russian side has also put forward strict conditions that only seasonal fishing vessels are allowed to go to sea, and commercial vessels are not allowed to go to sea.

Business card picture: Sanhe Town (Huining City, Korea) section of Tumen River Longjing City

General situation of main stream

Tumen River was called tuomen in Liao Dynasty. In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it was called aiyeku River, and its downstream section was called Tongmen river. In Ming Dynasty, it was called ayeku River, and its downstream section was called Tumen River. In the Qing Dynasty, the headwaters of the river were called Dalang River, while the lower reaches of Tumen City were called tongmenshui, also known as Tumen River.

During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, it was called Tumen, and it was named Tumen in the interpretation of the history of Jin Dynasty by Emperor Gaozong (Qianlong) of Qing Dynasty. In 1962, China and North Korea agreed that "red clay water" and drowning water are hereinafter referred to as Tumen River. Tumen River was translated as "Tumen River" in Manchu in Qing Dynasty.

According to the Chinese ancient and modern place name dictionary, "Tumen" is neither Chinese nor Korean. "Tumen" was originally called "Tumen SEQIN" in Manchu. Tumen means "Wan", SEQIN means "Yuan" and "Heyuan", and "Tumen SEQIN" is also the source of Wanshui. Later, "SEQIN" was omitted and referred to as "Tumen". Later, however, Japan provoked a territorial dispute between North Korea and the Qing Dynasty by borrowing the two Chinese characters "Tumen", referring to the illegal occupation of Korean land by the Qing Dynasty. The incident indirectly led to North Korea's independence and gave Japan a chance to further encroach on North Korea's interests. At the same time, the Chinese side changed its pronunciation to "Tumen", which is similar to the original but meaningless.

In Korean, doumanjiang is actually a direct transliteration of Tumen River. The Douman River (Tumen River), the Hufu of gyeongyuan capital, wuxianjingdao, in the volume of new dongguoyu Shenglan by the Lee Dynasty of Korea: "Nuzhen language means that Wan is Douman, so it's named after the confluence of water here.". Changbai Mountain: "Nuzhen language is called Shanyan Alin. It is named after the white mountain peak, which is regarded as the holy mountain by Hu (Nuzhen) people." According to the records of suzong in the Li Dynasty, Bingyin said in November of the 17th year, "Changbai Mountain is the name of the Hu people (Manchu people), or Baitou mountain, which is also called Changbai.".

Trend of main stream

The main stream of Tumen River is 525 km in length, including 510 km in length between China and North Korea and 15 km in length between Russia and North Korea. The total drainage area is 33168 square kilometers. The total drop of the river is 1297m, and the average gradient is 1.2 ‰ (2.4 ‰)

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. The total basin area is 33168.4 square kilometers, with 22632.07 square kilometers on the Chinese side, accounting for 68.38% of the basin area.

Originated at the eastern foot of Changbai Mountain, Tumen River flows eastward from the confluence of laterite water and weak water. After Hongdan water converges on the opposite bank of Luoshan farm, Chongshan Township, Helong City, Tumen river turns to the northeast. To the left bank near guchuli, Hongqi River (65.8 km in length and 1199 km2 in drainage area) converges with Xitou water on the opposite bank, which is called Sanjiangkou in ancient times. At Sanhe Town of Longjing City, turn to the north and pass Kaishantun town. In the north of Tumen City, Gaya River on the left bank flows into it and turns to the East. At Mijiang village of Hunchun City, the river (56 km long and 771 km2 in drainage area) flows into it and turns to the southeast. In Jingxin Town, Hunchun City, the border stele with the word "Tu" between Sichuan, China and the Soviet Union was set up to cross the border of Korea (North Xianjing Road) and the Soviet Union (Hassan District, Binhai border area) for 15 kilometers, and then it was poured into the sea of Japan.

Among them:

The source system of Tumen River includes laterite water, Shiyi water and Hongdan water in North Korea, and weak water in Antu County in China. Both laterite water and weak water come from Yuanchi near Tianchi in Changbai Mountain in China. Among them, laterite water, Shiyi water and weak water constitute the North Branch of the source water system. This branch also belongs to the Dalang River, which is recorded in the brief description of Changbai Mountain River and Yanji border affairs report. Hongdanshui is the South Branch. It is recorded in the dictionary of ancient and modern place names that "there are two sources of the river, both of which come from the watershed of Changbai Mountain in the northeast of Changbai County. Zhengyuan rihongdan water, the third of the east of the five ridges "。

It's the South Branch. According to an article published by the science and Technology Bureau of Helong City, Shulin River, which originates from danshulin, three kilometers northwest of Chifeng, is the main source. The river reaches 1.5 kilometers west of Chifeng and joins with the Korean red soil water, so it is essentially consistent with the book. It's all the North Branch.

The river in Helong city is 164.5 km long, with a total drainage area of 33168 square kilometers. The drainage area on the Chinese side is 22681 square kilometers. The drainage area in Helong city is 2463 square kilometers, with a river gradient of 2.4 ‰. (the average gradient of rivers in Helong city is 7.0 ‰). It flows through Chongshan Town, Nanping Town (former Luguo, Dehua, Yonghua) and other towns in the county.

The source of the red earth water is the red earth water, which flows 3 kilometers eastward from the foot of the red earth mountain. The Zuohui Mu Shulin River (also known as Shulin River, in Antu County) is the boundary river between China and North Korea Tumen River, 2.6 kilometers eastward. It flows weakly to the east of Chifeng (Changbai mountain peak, the junction of Antu County and North Korea), 7.8 kilometers to the southeast, and 35.5 kilometers to the East On the left, it flows 10 kilometers eastward, on the right, it flows 15.7 kilometers eastward, on the left, it flows 1.5 kilometers eastward (in the ancient city), and on the right, it flows Xitou water (in North Korea). The section from Chifeng to Sanhe Town of Longjing City is the upper reaches of Tumen River. Tumen River flows eastward to Nanxi village of Chongshan Town, Zuona Yushi River, northeast to Lishu village of Luguo township (merged into Nanping Town in 1999), right to Yanmian water, Xingnan village, Zuona Xinfeng River, Huyan village, right to Chengchuan water, and northeast to Dehua town (merged into Nanping Town in 1999) ）Liuxin village, Zuona Liudong River, flows to Huizhang village of Yonghua township (merged into Nanping Town in 1999), and Zuona Gaoling river flows for 0.5 km to Longjing City through Jiangkou cave of Longjing City.

The river in Longjing City is 136 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 727.95 square kilometers. Tumen River flows into the county from Jiangkou cave in Baijin township. From west to East, it twists and turns between the mountains, turns southeast near anhetun in Baijin Township, turns north to xugongqiao sandbank in Fuyu Township, turns southeast to Heqi village in Sanhe Town, and turns north to Chuankou village in Guangkai township. After passing through Kaishantun Town, Tumen River flows out of the county and into Tumen City. On the other side, there is Huining City, the North Road of Hanjing, North Korea.

In Tumen City, Tumen River flows through Yueqing Township, Hongguang Township and Tumen City. The length of the river is 38.75 km. The drainage area is 559 square kilometers. The drop is 44.7m and the average gradient of the river is 10.9 ‰. The river is usually 60-240 meters wide and 1.2-3.0 meters deep. During the flood season, the width of the river reaches 260-1000m, the water depth is 4-11m, and the velocity is 5m / s. The freezing period is 106-117 days and the ice thickness is about 1 meter. The river water is seriously polluted by the industrial waste fire from the Maoshan iron mine of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Kaishantun chemical fiber pulp mill and the Shifan paper mill of China. Shijianping village, Mapai village, Rizhao village, xinjidong village and other places along the river have built water conservancy and electric irrigation facilities for agricultural water.

In Hunchun City, Tumen River enters from Qingrong village of Liangshui to Fangchuan "Tu" sign. The county is 164.7 km long. It flows through 6 townships and 24 villages, including Liangshui, Mijiang, ying'an, Sanjiazi, Banshi and Jingxin Town, with a total area of 5356

Chinese PinYin : Tu Men Jiang