Shenyang Palace Museum

Shenyang Palace Museum, also known as Shenyang Palace Museum of the Qing Dynasty, is one of the two most complete ancient palace buildings in China. There are not only exquisite buildings of the former dynasty, but also a large number of precious cultural relics of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in each exhibition room. Shenyang Palace Museum is divided into three parts: the Dazheng hall and Shiwang pavilion built in Nurhachi period in the East; the Dazhong que continued to be built in Taizong period of Qing Dynasty in the middle, including daqingmen, Chongzheng Hall, fenghuanglou, etc.; and the Wensu Pavilion added in Qianlong period in the West. The whole palace is majestic and magnificent, showing the grand style of the royal family everywhere.

Shenyang Palace Museum

Shenyang Palace Museum, located at 171 Shenyang Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, was originally a royal palace built and used in the early Qing Dynasty. It was first built in 1625 (the fifth year of the Ming Dynasty and the tenth year of the emperor's mandate).

Shenyang Palace Museum covers an area of more than 60000 square meters, with 114 ancient buildings and more than 500 rooms. It is still well preserved. Shenyang Palace Museum, built on the Palace site, is a famous ancient palace art museum, which contains rich palace art.

In 1961, the State Council designated the Shenyang Palace Museum as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units; on July 1, 2004, the 28th World Heritage Committee approved the Shenyang Palace Museum to be included in the world cultural heritage list as an extension of the cultural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The architectural style of Shenyang Palace Museum is unique in the history of Chinese palace architecture.

In 2017, it was promoted to the third batch of national first-class museums.

Development history

In 1625, Nurhachi decided Shenyang as the capital city out of strategic consideration. In the center of the old city of Shenyang, he built Dazheng hall and Shiwang Pavilion, which were the beginning of the construction of Shenyang Imperial Palace. In 1644, the Qing Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing, and the former royal palace became the palace of the second capital. In the early years of Shunzhi, Shengjing was designated as the "auxiliary capital" of the country. After that, Shengjing household, ritual, military, criminal and industrial departments and Shengjing general fengtianfu, Chengde County and other yamen were successively set up in the city to manage the related affairs in this area. Shengjing palace, as the "Founding monument" of the Qing Dynasty, was specially protected. The daily management, guard and repair of Shengjing palace were in the charge of Shengjing internal affairs office and Shengjing work department. From the 10th year of Kangxi (1671) to the 9th year of Daoguang (1829), Kangxi, Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang made ten tours to the East. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the Imperial Palace and the imperial palace were rebuilt, rebuilt and expanded for the emperor's visit to the East and storage of the ancestors and the objects in the palace.

After the Daoguang Dynasty, the imperial palace of Shenyang suffered a lot of burning. "At first, tsarist Russia tyrannized the palace and plundered it violently. After some Japanese people stole the secrets of the golden chamber, the British chieftain tusoji went to the palace to search for treasures. National treasures are also seized by imperialist powers. Would you rather be sad? " In the third year of Xuantong, Xi Liang, governor of the three eastern provinces, according to Jin Liang's suggestion, "please build a museum in Shengjing, in front of Wensu Pavilion". After the 1911 Revolution, Beiyang was in charge of politics, and then transported the treasures of Shengjing to Beijing Normal University. After general Feng Yuxiang's "Beijing coup", Shengjing palace was also taken over by Fengtian provincial government.

In 1926, people of insight in Northeast China conformed to the trend of world culture and pushed the provincial council of Fengtian to set up the Museum of the three eastern provinces in the Forbidden City, which became one of the earliest museums in China. After the September 18th Incident in 1931, the Museum of the three eastern provinces was changed into the National Palace Museum of Fengtian. After the restoration in 1945, the national Shenyang Museum was established. In 1949, it was changed into Shenyang Palace Museum, which belongs to the Ministry of culture of the Northeast government. In 1954, the state decided to set up a museum of Qing Dynasty history and art in Shenyang Palace Museum. In 1986, it was changed into Shenyang Palace Museum.

On May 18, 2017, it was promoted to the third batch of national first-class museums.

architectural composition

Shenyang Palace Museum covers an area of more than 60000 square meters, with 114 ancient buildings and more than 500 rooms. It is a well preserved ancient site with rich historical and cultural connotations. Shenyang Palace Museum, built on the Palace site, is a famous ancient palace art museum, which contains rich palace art. It is different from the Forbidden City of Beijing for its unique history, geographical conditions and rich Manchu characteristics. The Imperial Palace in Shenyang has such architectural styles as the grand political hall and Chongzheng Hall with golden dragon columns, the ten King pavilion with wild geese, the Qingning palace with ten thousand character Kang pocket room, the simple and elegant Wenshuo Pavilion, the Phoenix Tower and other high-rise buildings, and the "high palace and low Palace" style, which are unique in the history of Chinese palace architecture.

Shenyang Palace Museum takes Chongzheng Hall as the core, from daqingmen to Qingning palace as the central axis, which is divided into three parts: East Road, middle road and West Road. Dazheng hall is the main building of the East Road, where the ceremony is held. There are 10 pavilions on both sides of the front, which are the left and right-wing King pavilions and the Eight Banners pavilions, collectively referred to as the ten King pavilions.

Dazheng hall was named dugong hall in 1636, the first year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty, and it was renamed today in Kangxi. Hall for octagonal double eaves save Jianding wood structure. On the foundation of xumizuo, there are bluestone railings, and all eight sides of the hall are composed of wooden doors. In front of the main gate, there are golden dragon columns, and the top of the hall is yellow glazed tiles with green edges. The hall is decorated with Sanskrit ceiling and tuanlong caisson.

The middle road is the center of the whole complex, which is divided into three courtyards. At the south end are Zhaobi, dongxichaofang and zouoting; in the front yard are daqingmen, Chongzhengdian, Feilongge and xiangfengge; in the middle yard are shishanzhai, xiezhongzhai and fenghuanglou; in the back yard are five palaces with qingninggong as the main building. Both sides of the middle courtyard and the backyard have a cross courtyard, which is called the East Palace and the West Palace. The East Palace has Yihe palace, JIEZHI palace and Jingdian Pavilion; the West Palace has Diguang palace, Baoji palace, jisizhai and chongmo Pavilion. Daqingmen is the main gate of Shenyang Palace Museum, where civil and military officials wait for the imperial court. It is built in five hard mountain style buildings. The main ridge, the vertical ridge and the "long head" of the two mountains are all inlaid with colorful glass. Chongzheng Hall is the main hall of the Forbidden City. It was built in the later Jin Tiancong period. It is the meeting place of the early Qing Dynasty. It is a hard mountain style with five rooms and nine purlins. It is equipped with separate doors, with corridors in front and back and stone railings. The roof is yellow glazed tile with green trimming, the hall is built in Ming Dynasty, and the beams are painted with Hexi. In front of the hall, there is a sundial in the East and Jialiang in the West. At the back of the hall is the Phoenix Tower, which is built on a nearly 4-meter high platform with the five palaces of Qingning palace, guansui palace, Yanqing palace, Yongfu palace and Linzhi palace. Surrounded by high walls, it forms a unique palace.

Fenghuang building was built in the later Jin Tiancong period (1627-1635). It was a place for rest and banquets. After entering the pass, it used to store jade seals, emperors' statues and music pictures. The building is a three-story Xieshan style, with three rooms in depth and three rooms in width. It is surrounded by porches, covered with yellow glazed tiles and green trimming.

The west road was built from 1782 to 1783. Including stage, jiayintang, wensuge, yangxizhai and so on, the front is the sedan horse farm. Wenzhuge is one of the seven pavilions in the collection of Sikuquanshu in the Qing Dynasty. It is a corridor building in front of and behind the triple hard mountain, with black glazed tiles and green trimming. Liang Fang painted "white horse offering book" pattern. There is a stele Pavilion on the east side, in which there are emperor wenzhuge Ji (front) and song Xiaozong Lun (back) written by Qianlong himself. The inscription records in detail the process of building the pavilion and the collection of Sikuquanshu.

Main buildings

East Road Building

Dazheng Hall

Dazheng Hall of Shenyang Palace Museum, commonly known as Bajiao hall, was built in 1625. It is an important palace built by Nurhachi, the emperor of Qing Dynasty. It is the most solemn and sacred place in Shengjing palace. At first it was called Da yamen, and in 1636 it was named Du Gong hall, and later it was changed to Da Zheng hall. The octagonal double eaves are of the cusp type, with corridors on eight sides and xumizuo platform under it. The top of the hall is covered with yellow glazed tiles, with green trimming. The flame bead top of the phase wheel is in the middle. There are eight iron chains around the top, each of which is connected with the strongman. There are two bright pillars in front of the hall, each with a golden dragon plate. Inside the hall are Sanskrit ceiling and dragon subduing caisson. There are throne, screen, smoke stove, incense Pavilion and crane Candlestick in the hall. This hall is the place where emperor Taiji of the Qing Dynasty held important ceremonies and political activities. In 1644 (the first year of Shunzhi), Emperor Fulin ascended the throne here.

Dazheng hall, formerly known as dugong hall, has a double eaves and octagonal cusp style. It has a corridor on eight sides, all of which are "axe eye" type doors. Below is a xumizuo platform about 1.5 meters high, surrounded by carved lotus net bottle stone railings. The top of the hall is paved with yellow glazed tiles with green trimming, and the flame bead top of the phase wheel is in the middle. There are delicate brackets, caisson and ceiling in the hall. Two big columns in front of the hall are carved with two dragons, which are magnificent. From the architectural point of view, Dazheng hall is also a pavilion, but its volume is large and its decoration is gorgeous, so it is called a palace. Dazheng hall is used to hold ceremonies, such as issuing imperial edicts, announcing the army's expedition, welcoming the triumphant return of soldiers and the emperor's accession to the throne.

Ten kings Pavilion

In front of Dazheng hall, there are five square pavilions on both sides. From north to South on the east side are the left wing King Pavilion, the yellow flag Pavilion, the white flag Pavilion, the white flag Pavilion and the blue flag Pavilion. On the west side are the yellow flag Pavilion, the red flag Pavilion, the red flag Pavilion and the blue flag Pavilion, commonly known as the "ten King Pavilion" or "eight flag Pavilion".

The origin of these pavilions should start from the unique social organization of Manchu, the Eight Banners system. The original hunting organization "Niulu" (meaning "big arrow" in Chinese) of the Manchu people was composed of ten people, one of whom was the leader, called "Niulu ejhen". When they went out hunting, the people with Niulu had to obey their command and take unified actions. Nurhachi in the process of Conquest

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