Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty

The mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty is the mausoleum of nine other Western Han emperors except Wendi and Xuandi. From the east to the west, they are Liu Qiyang Mausoleum of emperor Jing, Liu Bang Changling Mausoleum of emperor Gaozu, Liu Yingan Mausoleum of emperor Hui, Liu Xinyi Mausoleum of emperor AI, Liu Weiling Mausoleum of emperor yuan, Liu Kangling Mausoleum of emperor Ping, Liu Yanling Mausoleum of emperor Cheng, Liu Fuling Mausoleum of Emperor Zhao, and Liu Qimao Mausoleum of Emperor Wu. The mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty has a large scale, rigorous architectural layout and rich burial objects. It is the highest form of burial system in the feudal era. A large number of precious cultural relics have been unearthed, represented by lifelike pottery figures, animal figurines and exquisite household utensils, tools, chariots and horses, weapons, etc.

Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty

The mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty, the mausoleum of eleven emperors of the Western Han Dynasty, and the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units are located in Xianyang city and Xi'an city of Shaanxi Province.

Brief introduction of imperial mausoleum

The tombs of 11 emperors in the Western Han Dynasty, except Liu hengba Mausoleum of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty and Liu xundou Mausoleum of Emperor Xuan of Han Dynasty, are located on the north end of Bailuyuan in the east suburb of Xi'an city and Shaoling tableland in the south suburb of Weihe River. The rest nine emperors are buried on Xianyang tableland on the North Bank of Weihe River.

From douma village, Xingping City (county-level city) in the west to Zhangjiawan, Zhengyang Township, Xianyang District in the East, there are Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Mausoleum of emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty, Mausoleum of emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty, Mausoleum of emperor Liu Ao Yan of Han Dynasty, Mausoleum of Emperor Ping of Han Dynasty, Mausoleum of emperor yuan of Han Dynasty, Mausoleum of emperor AI of Han Dynasty, Mausoleum of emperor Hui of Han Dynasty, Mausoleum of emperor Liu ying'an of Han Dynasty, Mausoleum of emperor Gao of Han Dynasty, Mausoleum of emperor Jing of Han Dynasty.

Heyday

The Western Han Dynasty was the first heyday of China's feudal empire. The improvement, establishment and consolidation of various feudal laws and regulations were basically completed in the Western Han Dynasty.

The feudal society attached great importance to the etiquette system, and the funeral system was an important part of the etiquette system. The mausoleum of the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty reflects the highest funeral etiquette of the society at that time. The funeral of the Han Dynasty is "life like death". The mausoleum of the emperor can also be said to be the epitome of the social and historical activities of the feudal ruling class of the Western Han Dynasty. The exploration and excavation of the mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty give us a more comprehensive and profound understanding of the history of the Western Han Dynasty

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cultural heritage

On April 24, 2019, the State Administration of cultural relics approved the inclusion of the Western Han mausoleum and Tang mausoleum in the preparatory list of China's World Cultural Heritage (cultural relics guarantee [2019] No. 381).

The mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty is the general name of the royal tombs of the 11 emperors of the Western Han Dynasty. There are high emperor Liu Bang Changling, Xiaohui emperor Liu Ying anling, Xiaowen emperor Liu Heng baling, Xiaojing emperor Liu Qi Yangling, Xiaowu emperor Liu Che Maoling, Xiaozhao emperor Liu Fuling Pingling, Xiaoxuan emperor Liu Xun duling, Xiaoyuan emperor Liu Xun Weiling, Xiaocheng emperor Liu Ao Yanling and Xiaoai emperor Emperor Liu Xin Yiling, Emperor Xiaoping Liu Heng Kangling

Changling Mausoleum of Han Dynasty is the first imperial mausoleum built in Han Dynasty. It is the mausoleum of Liu Bang, the emperor of Han Dynasty, and the mausoleum of empress LV Zhi. The third batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Layout of the main Mausoleum

Changling is rammed with loess and covered with a bucket. It is still as high as 33 meters. According to the survey, the bottom of the tomb is 153 meters wide from east to west and 135 meters long from north to South; the top of the tomb is 55 meters wide from east to west and 35 meters long from north to south, which is similar to the historical records. In front of the mausoleum stands a stone tablet named "Han Gaozu Changling" written by Bi Yuan during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. Under the mausoleum is the underground palace where Liu Bang was buried. According to Han Jiuyi, the underground palace of the Han Dynasty imperial mausoleum contains "neizi coffin, Baihuang intestines, which are collected by the next hundred officials. It has four gates, six carriages and six horses. The four sides are involved, and the east stone stands outside. First, the sword households are closed, and the households are equipped with night dragon, moye sword, Fu Nu and Fu Huo. " When entering the coffin of Zi, all the pearls are in Ru jade box, with gold thread. The Changling mausoleum has not been excavated, and the internal structure of the underground palace is unknown.

The plan of the cemetery is rectangular, 1000 meters long from north to South and 900 meters wide from east to west. A 23 meter wide gate site was found in the middle of the west wall. On the ground of the west city wall, a rammed earth remains 600 meters long, 6 meters wide and 3 meters high. Mausoleum is located in the south of the cemetery, Gaozu mausoleum in the west, lvhou mausoleum in the East, about 250 meters apart. In the northwest corner, southwest corner, southeast corner of the cemetery and along the south wall, there are six large-scale palace sites.

Lu houling

Lvhouling is 280 meters southeast of gaozuling, and the shape of the earth is the same as gaozuling. It is 150 meters from east to west, 130 meters from north to south, 50 meters from east to west, 30 meters from north to south, and 30.7 meters high. In the Western Han Dynasty, the emperor and empress were buried together in the same tomb but in different caves. That is to say, they were buried in the same cemetery, but they had their own graves. Moreover, most empresses built their own cemeteries, and only Changling shared a cemetery for the emperor and empress.

Funerary grave

The accompanying tombs of Changling start from the cemetery at the west end to the South Bank of Jinghe River at the east end, stretching for seven kilometers. Among the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, the number of accompanying tombs in Changling and the regular pattern of accompanying tombs are unique among the tombs of the Han Dynasty. After Liu Bang died, he was buried in Changling. More than 100 people were buried with them at that time, and more than 70 tombs can still be seen now. Each tomb covers a small area, but the space between the front and back of the tombs is roughly the same, and they are arranged in good order. There are 63 remaining, the most famous of which are Xiao He, Cao Shen, Zhou Bo, Zhou Yafu, Wang Ling, Jixin, Tian ran, Tian Sheng and Wang Qi's mother, Pingyuan Jun zang'er.

Han Huidi anling

Han an mausoleum is the mausoleum of emperor Hui of Han Dynasty, which is located in Baimiao village, Hanjiawan Township, Weicheng District, 18 kilometers east of Xianyang city.

Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty

Han Ba mausoleum is the mausoleum of Liu Heng, Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty. It is located in the northeast corner of Bailuyuan in the eastern suburb of Xi'an. The local people call it "fenghuangzui". It is the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Yangling Mausoleum of emperor Jing of Han Dynasty

Hanyang mausoleum is a joint Tomb of emperor Liu Qi and his Empress Wang. It is located in Zhangjiawan, Zhengyang Town, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, and on the Xianyang plain north of Hougou village. It spans Weicheng District, Jingyang County, and Gaoling District, Xi'an city. The fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty

Located in Xingping City, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, Han mausoleum is the mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is the largest Mausoleum of the Han Dynasty, with the longest construction time and the richest burial objects. It is known as the "pyramid of China". The first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Tomb of emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty

Hanping mausoleum is the joint Tomb of emperor Liu Fuling and empress Xiaozhao Shangguan. There are 57 burial tombs, 23 of which are still in existence.

Du Mausoleum of Emperor Xuan of Han Dynasty

Han Du Mausoleum is the mausoleum of emperor Xuandi Liu Xun, located in the south of Sanzhao village, Xi'an city. The third batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Wei Mausoleum of emperor yuan of Han Dynasty

Located in the southeast of Xinzhuang village, ZhouLing Town, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, the Han Wei mausoleum is the mausoleum of the Han Yuan emperor Liu Xun. It is the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Yan Mausoleum of emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty

Yan Mausoleum of Han Dynasty is the mausoleum of Liu Ao, Emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty. It is located in Majiayao village, ZhouLing Township, Weicheng District, 5km north of Xianyang city.

Yiling Mausoleum of emperor AI of Han Dynasty

Han Yi mausoleum is the mausoleum of Han AI emperor Liu Xin, which is located in Nanhe village, ZhouLing Township, Weicheng District, 6.5km north of Xianyang city.

Emperor Kangling of Hanping

Hankangling is the mausoleum of Hanping emperor Liu He, located in Dazhai village, ZhouLing Township, Weicheng District, 7.5km north of Xianyang city.

The shape of imperial mausoleum

Why didn't Han Wendi's Ba mausoleum and Han Xuandi's Du Mausoleum be built on Xianyang tableland? On the one hand, there was a strict Zhaomu system for the burial of the Han Dynasty mausoleum; on the other hand, Emperor Wen tried to be thrifty, so he chose Yinshan as the mausoleum. Before Emperor Xuan became emperor, he was often in the lower Du Dynasty. His parents were buried in the southeast of Chang'an city. Therefore, Emperor Xuan built his mausoleum in the eastern yuan of Du Dynasty.

There are two types of mausoleums in the Western Han Dynasty: one is the form of Baling mausoleum because of the mountain. The tombs are dug in the cliff without another mound. The other 10 mausoleums belong to another category. They are all built with high earth rammed mounds in the shape of a bucket. Generally, the bottom is 150-170 meters square and the height is about 20-30 meters. The mausoleum of Emperor Wu is the largest.

Layout structure

In the Han Dynasty, emperors and empresses were buried together in the same tomb, but in different tombs. Most of the latter tombs were in the east of the emperor's mausoleum, and the mounds were smaller than those of the emperor's mausoleum, but the size of the mounds of empress Lu was almost the same as that of the Changling Mausoleum of Gaozu. Starting from the Yangling mausoleum, square rammed earth walls were built around the tomb of emperor empress. A door was opened in the center of each wall, and double watchtowers were erected outside. This kind of square cemetery around the cemetery is the general system of the mausoleum of the empress and emperor of the Western Han Dynasty. Beside the mausoleum, there are temples and halls.

The scale

The accompanying tombs of the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty are all in the east of the imperial tombs, and the scale of the accompanying tombs in Changling is the largest. Another example is the famous tombs of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing. These imperial tombs, together with the accompanying tombs of the imperial relatives and powerful officials, stretch for a hundred Li from the east to the west, just as the ancient poem says: "the high palace of Changling is an Liu, and all the princes are buried.". Changling began to set up a mausoleum. After the establishment of the capital Chang'an in the Han Dynasty, the great surnames and meritorious officials of Qi and Chu were moved to Changling.

From then on, the families of the rich and powerful officials were often moved to the mausoleums, and the powerful families were controlled in Chang'an, so as to consolidate the rule of the Han Dynasty. In the fourth year of Yongguang (40 BC), emperor yuan of the Han Dynasty issued an imperial edict to ban the establishment of the mausoleum. Because of the forced immigration, the people went bankrupt and caused social unrest. The establishment of the mausoleum had no effect on consolidating the political power, so the mausoleum was abandoned from the Wei mausoleum.

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