Sanqing Hall of yuanmiaoguan

Sanqing Hall of yuanmiaoguan is located on the Bank of Jianji River in Putian City, Fujian Province. It was rebuilt in the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu in the Northern Song Dynasty, with a double eaves and a mountain rest style. It was originally five rooms wide and four rooms deep, and then changed to seven and six rooms respectively. The architectural style of the Song Dynasty is maintained between the two rooms. In the east of the hall, there are steles of Emperor Huizong and Emperor Xiaozong of the Song Dynasty, steles of "records of military Xiangying temple in Xinghua of the Song Dynasty", which record the historical materials of overseas trade of the Song Dynasty, and inscriptions of Su Shi, Wen Tianxiang, Wen Huiming, etc., which are arranged in different order and are ancient and elegant.

Sanqing Hall of yuanmiaoguan

Sanqing Hall of yuanmiaoguan, located at 391, Meiyuan Road East, Yinglong neighborhood committee, Zhenhai sub district office, Licheng District, Putian City, is an ancient Song Dynasty building left behind by Taoist Xuanmiaoguan architectural complex. There are Sanqing hall, Sanmen hall, Dongyue hall, Wudi temple, Xiyue hall, Wuxian temple, Wenchang temple, Fushen hall, etc., covering an area of 6168 square meters and a construction area of 3587 square meters.

Sanqing palace is an ancient building with double eaves on the top of Xieshan mountain, facing south from north. Originally, it was five rooms wide, but later it was expanded into seven rooms and five rooms deep.

Sanqing Hall of yuanmiaoguan was announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit in 1996.

Many repairs

The Sanqing Hall of yuanmiaoguan was first built in the second year of Zhenguan (AD 628) of Tang Dynasty and rebuilt in the eighth year of dazhongxiangfu (AD 1015) of Northern Song Dynasty. It was renamed as "Tianqing Temple", called "Xuanmiao Temple" in Yuan Dynasty and "yuanmiao Temple" in Qing Dynasty. The existing buildings include Sanqing hall, Shanmen, Dongyue hall and Xiyue hall. Sanqing hall was built in the second year of Zhenguan (628 AD) of Tang Dynasty, and has been repaired many times in the past dynasties.

The main hall is a hilltop building with double eaves, with 7 rooms wide and 6 rooms deep, and its structure is rigorous and simple. In the hall, there are 20 large pillars connected by wood and stone, each of which is about 54 cm in diameter. The stigma is slightly curled, and the base is in the shape of lotus covered basin. The arch is huge, the bottom of the bucket is plate-shaped and 1.5cm high. There are painted Taoist patterns between the Dou Gong and the rafter purlin, and the whole hall has a strong architectural style of the Song Dynasty.

Sanqing Hall of yuanmiaoguan is of great significance to the study of architecture and painting art of Song Dynasty.

Layout scale

Sanqing Hall of yuanmiaoguan was called Tianqing temple in Song Dynasty, and changed its name to Xuanmiaoguan in Yuan and Ming Dynasties. In Puyang Bishi, Li Junfu, a native of Yi in Song Dynasty, said that "the three halls of tianqingguan are magnificent, and the first one is in Bajun". A few strokes show that the three halls with Sanqing hall as the main part of the building complex stood out in the architecture of our province in Song Dynasty. The original building of the whole Taoist temple has a large scale, symmetrical and rigorous layout, and distinct primary and secondary.

On the vertical axis, there are Shanmen, Sanqing hall, Yuhuang Hall (also known as Tongming Hall), jiuyu hall, Siguan hall and Wenchang hall in turn. Horizontally parallel with Sanqing hall, there are Wudi temple and Dongyue hall in the East, Wuxian temple, Xiyue hall and Wenchang temple in the West; horizontally parallel with Yuhuang hall, there are Lin Zhonglie temple in the East, Guandi temple and Fushen temple in the West. Today, there are still Shanmen, Sanqing hall, Dongyue hall, Xiyue hall, Wenchang temple, Wudi temple, Wuxian temple and gate of Guandi temple.

Historical evolution

It can be seen from the ink books on the back purlin of Sanqing hall that Sanqing hall was built in the second year of Zhenguan (628) of Tang Dynasty and rebuilt in the eighth year of Xiangfu (1015) of Song Dynasty. "Puyang Bishi" records: "in Yuanyou period, the hall was struck by lightning, the kiss fell, and the black board was inside. The text says:" in the next 80 years, di jueno came to guard the house of Chongyi hall. " When the LORD heard of it, the sheriff Di Ming sighed and said, "I'm a little bit old, but I'm not born yet. How can I prove it?" so he donated a new salary

There is also a history of Sanqing hall rebuilt in 1408, the fifth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty; Yuhuang hall rebuilt by Fang rutiao and Li Zhisheng in 1556, the 35th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty; Xinghua Prefecture magistrate yidaotan rebuilt the Mountain Gate in 1564, the 43rd year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty after the Japanese invaders occupied the city; Yuhuang hall was damaged in 1581, and Lin Zhaoen, the next year, ordered people to raise money to rebuild it, and rebuilt Sanqing hall, Dongyue hall, Wenchang hall and Fushen Later, Taoist Shan Maoqiao raised money to build Wenchang palace and Wuxian temple.

In 1640, the Sanqing hall was rebuilt again; in 1797, Weng tingzhang rebuilt the Dongyue Hall (including the middle hall, the worship Pavilion, the two verandahs and the Mountain Gate); in 1851-1861, the Fushen hall was rebuilt again; in 1875-1908, the Sanqing hall was rebuilt again; after the Republic of China, in addition to the jiuyu hall, other buildings of yuanmiaoguan were destroyed In October 1956, the Ministry of culture appropriated funds to rebuild the Sanqing hall; in recent years, the State Administration of cultural relics again appropriated funds to overhaul the Sanqing hall and its ancillary buildings.

Architectural features

According to Ming Hongzhi's Xinghua Fu Zhi waiji, the Tianqing temple was granted by the imperial court to jinbaopai, zhicaoshan, Fengchan Ji, shifenyin Ji and Yifan in the first year of song Tianxi (1017). This is the eighth year after the Tianqing temple was named in the second year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1009). These are the products of song Zhenzong's false Tianqing temple, Taishan Fengchan and xifenyin worship From one side, it shows the important position of Tianqing temple in Putian at that time. Before liberation, a large celadon vase of Longquan kiln was preserved in the temple, with the word "Tianqing Temple" under the glaze of the shoulder.

The existing Sanqing hall is built in the Song Dynasty, among which the careful room is a relic of the Song Dynasty, and its structural construction technique is basically consistent with the "eight rafters, four pillars passing on milk burden" recorded in Li Cheng's "zaozaozao FA Shi", which was rebuilt 80 years later in the reign of Dazhong Xiangfu.

However, because the hall was founded in the early Tang Dynasty and rebuilt earlier than the completion of zaozao FA Shi in the reign of Dazhong Xiangfu, the style and remains of the hall reflect its rich historical accumulation of ancient architecture culture.

Huge materials

Among the pillars, only lane was used instead of Pu Bai Fang, which was the case in Tang Dynasty. The material of the game is huge. The bottom of the game is in the shape of a plate. The two jumps of Huagong column head are picked out by single material, and the seven pavilions are made of heavy chess with double heads (with a raised head on top). In the Han Dynasty, it was occasionally seen in the Northern Wei Dynasty, but it was rarely seen in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the Sanqing palace, it was a typical feature of the Tang Dynasty.

Although the Huagong on the top of the bucket is the same as that on the top of the column head, it turns out to be the same as that on the top of the column head, but it turns out to be the same as that on the top of the column head. In the fifth jump, Guazi arch is used, and slow chess is used to carry down the flat rafters, which is different from that on the top of the column head. The fourth jump head of the front and back eaves column head is used to command the chess. When the eaves rafter is lifted, it must be replaced by the wood. This is the technique of the Tang Dynasty. Under the lap joint of the eaves rafter, the eaves column rafter and the middle flat rafter, the wing head is used. Its method and function are the same as the lower flat rafter mat of the Tang Dynasty Foguang temple in Wutai Mountain, Shanxi Province.

Characteristics of Tang Dynasty

The length of the Mudao arch in the Sanqing palace is longer than that of the linggong, which is the characteristic of the Tang Dynasty. The four petal roll killing in Qiduan is the same as that in the Central Plains of the Song Dynasty. At that time, the roll killing without petals was still seen in the south, which is quite a local characteristic in Qiduan. In Song Dynasty, the ratio of the height of the facade to the height of the eaves column is generally 1:3, while the ratio of the height of the eaves column is about 1:2. The ratio of the diameter to the height of the spindle shaped stone pillars in the hall is 1:5, 1:5.7, and the low and fat lotus shaped plinth is the original of the Tang Dynasty. The height of the roof truss of Sanqing hall is about 2.8, which is close to that of Tang Dynasty. It is an isolated case that the Sanqing palace only uses cross style and wing style to support ridge style. The ratio of the height of doubei and Douer is not in line with the Song Dynasty's "Jianzao fashi". The shape and size of doubei is quite similar to that of the local Sakyamuni pagoda, or it is a local technique of the previous generation.

The above architectural features of Sanqing hall reflect its architectural style of connecting the preceding and the following. It has high-level architectural culture accumulation of Tang and Five Dynasties, and it is the first architectural style of Song Dynasty. Li Cheng's "building a French style" summarizes the achievements of building a French style on the basis of many building construction techniques like Sanqing palace.

The overall building type of Sanqing hall is hall type structure mixed with pavilion type construction, which undoubtedly makes its structure more abundant, and at the same time has the advantages of earthquake resistance and lateral resistance.

The vertical and horizontal beams and the column network of Sanqing hall show the beauty of unity and harmony in the change; the arch of the bucket jumps out, and the bottom is raised to adjust, which also shows the rhythmic sense of equality and difference; at the same time, the stretching of the deep jump, the bottom is raised, and the various kinds of fights are blooming upward, which echo each other, and the artistic beauty of its image makes people feel intimate and secluded. The whole building is immersed in the artistic atmosphere of "big sound but few sound". It's like being in the architectural culture space with three-dimensional patterns. Besides, the cloud shaped hump with lotus core and cloud pattern on both sides, the rafter purlin and Dougong components with Taoist "eight treasures" pattern are all exquisite works of art.

In the past, the five meter high statues of Yuanshi Tianzun holding a pearl in hand and Lingbao Tianzun holding a Tai Chi picture in the Sanqing palace, and the statues of Taishang Laojun holding a fan no longer exist. The precious murals on the walls of five rooms under the rear eaves of the Sanqing palace and seven rooms in the two corridors also disappear with history. Fortunately, there are also stele inscriptions in Sanqing hall, such as the stone tablet of Shenxiao Yuqing Longevity Palace, the stone tablet of emperor Yuzha, and the stone tablet of Xiangying temple, which are precious and can be called national treasure.

The stone tablet of Longevity Palace of Shenxiao jade Qing Dynasty is a rare existing stone tablet in China. In August of the first year of Xuanhe in Song Dynasty (1119), after the inscription of this stele was published, some places had not yet had time to set up a stele, and the Jin soldiers had already gone south. In the second year, they gave an edict to stop Taoism. Some of them had already set up a stele, but they were destroyed by the fire of war. Putian was the capital of Xinghua army in the hometown of Prime Minister Cai Jing. At that time, Shenxiao jade was pure

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