Fanjing Mountain Scenic Spot

Mount Fanjing, formerly known as "three valleys", is located in Tongren City, Guizhou Province. It is named "Fantian pure land". In 1978, the State Council designated it as a national nature reserve. Fanjing Mountain is "the source of Wuling and the ancestor of famous mountains". It was once honored as "China's top ten famous summer resort mountains" in 2008 and 2009. It is the famous Maitreya Bodhisattva Taoist temple in China. It is the fifth largest Buddhist mountain in China, which is as famous as Wutai Mountain in Shanxi, Emei Mountain in Sichuan, Jiuhua Mountain in Anhui and Putuo Mountain in Zhejiang. It has an important position in the history of Buddhism.

Fanjing Mountain is located at the junction of Jiangkou County, Yinjiang Autonomous County and Songtao Autonomous County in Tongren City, Guizhou Province, China. It is the main peak of Wuling Mountain, with an altitude of 2494 meters. The original ecology is well preserved. It was listed as a world-class ecological protection area by the United Nations in 1982 and approved as a national 4A scenic spot by the National Tourism Administration in 2012.

Fanjing Mountain is rich in wild animal and plant resources, including Guizhou Golden Monkey, Davidia involucrata and other rare species. When you enter the mountain area, you can't find any traces of artificial scenery. The "mushroom stone" on its main peak is a landscape.

Detailed introduction of Fanjing Mountain

Mount Fanjing, named "Fantian pure land", is located at the junction of Yinjiang, Jiangkou and Songtao (southwest) counties in Tongren City, Guizhou Province. It is located at 27 ° 49 ′ 50 ″ - 28 ° 1 ′ 30 ″ N and 108 ° 45 ′ 55 ″ - 108 ° 48 ′ 30 ″ e, near Yinjiang County, Southeast Jiangkou county and southwest Songtao county. It is the main peak of Wuling mountains. It is China's Buddhist temple and nature reserve. It is located in the middle of Tongren area.

The total area of Fanjing Mountain is 41900 square kilometers, including 25800 square kilometers of core area, 2800 square kilometers of buffer area and 13300 square kilometers of experimental area. The main protected objects are the rare wild animals and plants and native forest ecosystems represented by Rhinopithecus roxellanae brelichi and Davidia involucrate Baill. The forest coverage rate is 95%. There are more than 2000 species of plants, 31 species of state protected plants, 801 species of animals and 19 species of state protected animals. It is known as "the oasis of the earth", "the gene bank of animals and plants" and the precious heritage of mankind.

Fanjing Mountain was rated as national AAAAA scenic spot and National Nature Reserve on October 17, 2018, top ten summer resort in China on June 30, 2008, China's famous Maitreya Bodhisattva Dojo, a member of international "man and biosphere protection network" (mAb), and a world natural heritage recognized by the 42nd World Heritage conference. On July 2, 2018, Fanjing Mountain, Guizhou Province, China, was approved to be included in the world natural heritage list at the world heritage conference held in Manama, Bahrain.

Historical evolution

Fanjing Mountain is a famous cultural mountain with a history of more than 2000 years in Southwest China. As early as the spring and Autumn period and Warring States period, Fanjing Mountain belonged to "Central Guizhou" of Chu state, "Central Guizhou county" of Qin Dynasty, and "Wuling county" of Han Dynasty. Since then, it has been a holy mountain worshipped by "Wuling man".

From the Longqing period of Ming Dynasty to the middle Wanli period of Ming Dynasty (1567-1588), after the Ming government suppressed the "laershan Miao uprising" in the east of Fanjing Mountain, it began to build the "Southern Great Wall" in this area, and rebuilt the destroyed Buddhism in Fanjing Mountain for the first time: in addition to rebuilding Xiyan temple and Tianma temple, according to (Daoguang) "Yinjiang county annals", it also built new Xiaoci temple, Tianqing temple In addition, the old Jinding tea hall in Fanjing Mountain and the new Jinding Sakya hall and Maitreya hall are restored, and the West Chaoshan avenue of Tianchi temple bodaoling scissors gorge Jinding ancient tea hall new Jinding Sakya hall and Maitreya hall is widened. In the first year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1573), the Yuandao stele in Jinding recorded in detail the reconstruction of Lei Xuegao in Yinjiang county.

In 1599, Yang Yinglong, the chieftain of Bozhou, Guizhou, rebelled against Fanjing. In the 46th year of Wanli (1618), monk Miao Xuan, a senior monk of Fanjing, asked mingshenzong to rebuild Fanjing. This time, five temples and six halls were rebuilt: Chengen temple, Tianchi temple, Sanqing hall, Sakyamuni hall, Tongming hall and so on. The chici stele stands beside the Tongming hall and becomes the "Zhenshan stele" of Fanjing Mountain. The reconstruction has formed a pattern of "one main hall, four imperial nunneries, six foot nunneries and four ancient temples around the mountain". Each temple determined its property, recruited monks and built Sutra pagodas. Fanjing Mountain is famous in the world because of its favor to the emperor.

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1563-1620) and the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty (1654-1722), Fanjing Mountain was granted imperial edicts twice, asking the government to protect "one main hall, four imperial nunneries and 48 Dajiao nunneries" of Fanjing Mountain. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, "Dusi Yamen" was set up to protect it.

During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1654-1722), Fanjing Mountain was restored and rebuilt. Tianchi temple in Huangan temple was named "Huguo Temple" and became the largest temple in Fanjing Mountain. Buddhism in Fanjing Mountain is flourishing again, and it is in tripartite confrontation with Emei Mountain and Jizu mountain.

During the reign of Kangxi and Qianlong, Fanjing Mountain expanded the Ming Dynasty's "one main hall and four imperial nunneries" and added the "six foot nunnery" to the "48 foot nunnery".

In the first year of Jiaqing (1795), Shi liudeng, the leader of the Miao people in Songtao, and Wu in Western Hunan launched the "Qianjia uprising" in August. After Shi liudeng died, the rest of the rebel forces persisted in Fanjing Mountain for 12 years. During the reign of Daoguang, Fanjing Mountain was rebuilt for the fourth time: the Jieyin hall was changed to Tianen Temple (1822) and the Tongming hall to Baoen Temple (1832). In addition, Xiaoci Temple (1832) was expanded and Jinding Maitreya and Guanyin bronze Buddha statues were rebuilt.

In 1855, the "Xiantong uprising" broke out in Guizhou. Zhao Zilong, the leader of the "red number army" in Tongren, established a base in sanjiaozhuang, Fanjing Mountain. In the first year of Guangxu (1875), Liu Sheng, the rest of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom army, disguised as the Qing army, went into the mountains with guns, killed monks and nuns, and plundered everywhere. In the fifth year of Guangxu (1880), the five regiments around Fanjing Mountain were organized as the "Zuoying training army of Songtao Association". Cen Yuying, the new governor of Guizhou, led the army to suppress Liu Sheng, and the next year (1881) eliminated Liu Sheng. After the suppression of the "red horn army" and Liu Sheng, Fanjing Mountain was severely damaged. In order to strengthen the prevention, governor Cen Yuying asked to build "Dusi yamen" in the Huguo Temple of Huangan, which is called "Huguo camp", and to exercise military control over Fanjing Mountain for 30 years. The establishment and adjustment of "two counties and one capital department" effectively prevented the recurrence of chaos and ensured the normal worship activities in Fanjing Mountain.

Since the sixth year of Guangxu (1881), under strict military control, cen Yuying ordered monk Longshen to preside over the reconstruction of Fanjing. Chengen Temple of Huang'an temple was rebuilt. The temple worships Cen Yuying, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, as the "memorial tablet of longevity and fortune".

Around the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896), the fifth reconstruction of Fanjing Mountain was completed.

geographical environment

Location context

Fanjing Mountain is located in the middle of Tongren region, 27 ° 49 ′ 50 ″ - 28 ° 1 ′ 30 ″ N and 108 ° 45 ′ 55 ″ - 108 ° 48 ′ 30 ″ e. it is at the junction of Yinjiang County, Jiangkou county and Songtao county (southwest) in Tongren City, Guizhou Province, and close to Yinjiang County, Southeast Jiangkou county and southwest Songtao county. It is the main peak of Wuling Mountain in the East extension of Yunwu Mountain system. The mountain was formed between 1-1.4 billion years ago.

topographic features

Fanjing Mountain is the first peak on the transition slope from Yunnan Guizhou Plateau to Western Hunan hills (with a drop of 2000 meters from the foot of the mountain to the top). It is the watershed between Wujiang River and Yuanjiang River, and also the highest main peak of Wuling mountains across Guizhou, Chongqing, Hunan and Hubei provinces.

Fanjing Mountain is an ancient area south of the Yellow River, which was first uplifted from the sea to land. Fanjing Mountain has experienced many tectonic changes in the long geological years. The Mesozoic orogeny swept away the Jurassic fold belt in the area. Due to the structural control, it has been in a strong uplift area since then, rising to the top of Wuling Mountain. The exposed Mesoproterozoic Fanjingshan group is a volcanic sedimentary rock series of continental rift basin Red Sea type Cenozoic ocean basin, and the main peaks at the foot and top of the mountain are the clastic deposits of the fluctuating continental margin of the Upper Proterozoic Banxi group Xiajiang group.

Climatic characteristics

Fanjing Mountain area is controlled by the Southeast Asia Pacific monsoon and belongs to the subtropical humid monsoon climate zone. It is significantly affected by the southeast Ocean monsoon in summer and less affected by the cold wave in winter. The annual average temperature in Fanjing Mountain ranges from 13.1 ℃ to 14.7 ℃, the average temperature in the hottest month (July) is 25.3 ℃, the average temperature in the coldest month (February) is 2 ℃, and the temperature decreases with the increase of terrain. The annual frost free period is 270-278 days, the annual sunshine hours are 900-1170 hours, and the annual precipitation is 1100-2600 mm. The precipitation season is mainly from May to October, and the average relative humidity is 80%. From the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain are the middle subtropical zone, the north subtropical zone, the south temperate zone and the middle temperate zone. The general characteristics are mild climate, sufficient light energy, abundant rainfall, no severe cold and heat.

natural resources

Fanjing Mountain preserves the original subtropical ecosystem, and relicts the ancient and rare species from 70 million to 2 million years ago. There are 2601 kinds of biological species, including 2000 kinds of plants, 21 kinds of rare plants listed in the national key protection, accounting for 43% of the total number of protected plants in Guizhou Province; 801 kinds of animals, 382 kinds of vertebrates, 19 kinds of animals listed in the national key protection, accounting for 68% of the total number of protected animals in Guizhou Province.

Botany

Chinese PinYin : Fan Jing Shan Feng Jing Qu