Foping National Nature Reserve

Foping is known as the "hometown of pandas". The nature reserve mainly protects giant pandas, wild animals and plants. There are more than 100 kinds of wild animals and thousands of precious plants, such as giant panda, takin, golden monkey, etc. in the reserve, which is known as "natural animal and plant gene bank". Donghe, Xihe, dachenghao and lvguanhe are the four rivers in the area. Heilongtan waterfall is the largest waterfall in the area. The natural environment here is beautiful. All kinds of animals breed here and birds inhabit here. The river network in the dense forest is densely covered with birds singing and flowers everywhere. It is very exquisite and beautiful.

Foping National Nature Reserve, Shaanxi Province

synonym

Foping National Nature Reserve generally refers to Shaanxi Foping National Nature Reserve

Foping National Nature Reserve is located on the south slope of the middle part of Qinling Mountains, 158 km from Hanzhong City in the South and 215 km from Xi'an City in the north. It is a forest and Wildlife Nature Reserve with a total area of 28586 hectares

. The terrain of the reserve is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, with an altitude of 980-2904m. There are 1580 species of higher plants and 265 species of wild animals in the area. Four species of giant panda, takin, snub nosed monkey and leopard are listed as the first level national key protected animals, and 33 species are listed as the second level national key protected animals, known as "natural animal and plant gene bank".

Historical evolution

According to historical records, as early as the Han and Wei dynasties, the famous Luogu road in history passed through the huangtongliang area of Foping Nature Reserve. Wei and Shu fought each other for many times and used troops to pass through this road. In the seventh year of Wude of Tang Dynasty, Luogu road was reopened, which became the transportation hub connecting Chang'an with Hanzhong and Chengdu. In order to avoid the war, Tang Emperors Li Shi and Li Zhen went to Hanzhong. In the heyday of Tang Dynasty, a county was set up in Huayang town close to the nature reserve, with a population of 5000 households and more than 10000 people. According to fopingtingzhi, in Song Dynasty, Zhang Zhongyong and Gong Muze, the famous officials in Song Dynasty, were in charge of the dongjiaoxi river. Ming min, a clean and honest man, died here. "In the 15th year of Zhengde in Ming Dynasty, Jiaoxi River got a white deer and hung a bronze plaque everywhere. There were inscriptions on it, all of which disappeared, only the characters of Tang Dynasty could be distinguished.". In the song and Ming Dynasties, there were still human activities in this area. But at that time, the population was sparse, the productivity was low, and the large-scale development of the forest was not carried out. The animals recorded in Hanzhong Fu Zhi are "bears, leopards, jackals, wolves... Small as bears, shallow hairy, glossy, able to eat snakes, copper and iron", which is today's giant panda.

In 1825 (the fifth year of Daoguang reign of the Qing Dynasty), Foping hall was set up in the old town of Zhouzhi County. Due to immigration, asylum and other reasons, the population of Foping area increased sharply, reaching more than 80000 people in the county at the most, with more than 3000 households and more than 10000 people in the reserve. It is mainly distributed in Daguping, Sanguanmiao, yueba, Daping, Caoping, huangtongliang and other places with an altitude of 1200-2600 meters. It is engaged in production activities such as reclaiming wasteland and planting baby millet. It causes great damage to the forest resources and makes the primary forest type evolve into the secondary forest type. In the 26th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, a large number of residents left the Qinling Mountains. By 1949, there were only a few hundred people in this area.

After 1949, the masses lived and worked in peace and contentment, and the population was stable. During 1958-1959, the practice team of Northwest University found footprints, nest tracks and bamboo eating traces left by giant pandas in the snow in Ningshan and Foping counties, and collected feces.

In 1959, Shaanxi Provincial Department of agriculture and forestry organized an agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry team to investigate the wild animals on the south slope of the middle part of Qinling Mountains, and found that there were giant pandas in the northeast of Yangxian county.

In 1962, the team of Beijing Normal University collected giant panda skins and some incomplete skulls in Sanguanmiao and yueba areas of the present nature reserve in Foping county.

From 1963 to 1964, the original biological resources investigation team of Shaanxi Province also obtained giant panda skin in Maoping, Yangxian County, and confirmed the distribution of giant pandas in Taibai county.

In 1964, Zheng Guangmei officially reported the distribution of giant pandas in Qinling Mountains.

In 1973, Zhang Jishu and others collected 8 giant panda skins and 2 skulls in longtanzi, Sanguanmiao, Daguping, dachenghao and xiaonanping, which further confirmed that Qinling is another giant panda concentration area in China.

In 1974, Shi Dongqiu and others obtained specimens again during the ecological investigation of giant pandas. In the same year, the former biological resources investigation team of Shaanxi Province investigated the number of giant panda, takin and golden monkey in Foping, Yangxian, Zhouzhi, Ningshan and Taibai counties. It was further confirmed that Foping was the center of giant panda distribution in Qinling Mountains, and it was suggested to establish a reserve in Foping.

In 1976, the Revolutionary Committee of Shaanxi Province reported to the State Council the request for instructions on the establishment of Foping Nature Reserve.

In December 1978, the State Council approved the establishment of Foping Nature Reserve with the document of "GF (1979) No. 256" and listed it as a national key reserve, which is under the leadership of the Ministry of forestry and named "Foping Nature Reserve Administration Bureau of the Ministry of forestry of the people's Republic of China".

After about a year of preparation, it was officially established on January 1, 1980.

In 1988, it was renamed as "Shaanxi Foping National Nature Reserve Administration" according to the notice of the Ministry of forestry, under the dual leadership of the State Forestry Administration and Shaanxi Provincial Forestry Department.

geographical environment

Geographical environment

Foping National Nature Reserve, located in the northwest of Foping County, Shaanxi Province, is located in the south slope of the middle part of Qinling Mountains, 107 ° 40 ′～ 107 ° 55 ′ E and 33 ° 33 ′～ 33 ° 46 ′ n. It is adjacent to Shaanxi Longcaoping Forestry Bureau, Shaanxi Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve, Shaanxi Laocheng County nature reserve, Shaanxi Taibai Forestry Bureau, Shaanxi Changqing National Nature Reserve and yueba township of Foping county. It is bounded by ridges in the East, West and North, and by ridges, rivers or roads in the south. It is 24.8km in depth from east to west and 22.0km in length from north to south, with a planning area of 35000 hectares and a total area of 28586 hectares.

geology

Foping National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi Province is inclined from northwest to Southeast, and the middle part is relatively low; the highest altitude is located in lubanzhai, 2904m, and the lowest altitude is 980m near yueba management station, with a relative altitude difference of 1924m. The geological structure belongs to the South Qinling Indosinian manggeosyncline fold belt of Qinling fold system. Due to the strong Indosinian magmatic activity, the acid intrusive rocks and granites are widely exposed in the area, and some Ordovician and Middle Devonian strata are left in some areas, which are sporadically exposed, and most of them have been metamorphosed. There are exposed periglacial landforms above 2700m above sea level. Quaternary deposits are mainly concentrated in some river basins and river terraces, mainly composed of colluvial deposits, debris flow deposits and proluvial deposits, with complex composition, including boulders, gravels, sand, silt and clay.

landforms

The landform of Foping National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi province belongs to erosion and denudation medium undulation large undulation Zhongshan landform. The surface undulation is large, and there are many cliffs and steep walls. The altitude is generally between 1000 and 2500 m, and the slope is about 30 degrees. According to the valley characteristics and altitude, the geomorphic types from top to bottom can be divided into three types

(1) It erodes and denudes the steep slope and wide valley peak range area in the upper part of the middle mountain. Most of them are located in the north and northwest of the area, with an altitude of more than 2000m;

(2) The eroded and denuded granite is located in the broad valley and Pingliang area of the gentle slope in the middle of the middle mountain. It is mainly distributed in Sanguanmiao, xihedaping, zaoyangping and their surrounding areas;

(3) Eroded and denuded granite in the lower part of the mountain. The area is small, and the altitude is mostly below 1500m. It is mainly distributed in the lower reaches of rivers in the South and southeast of the reserve.

soil

The main types of soil in Foping National Nature Reserve are yellow brown soil, brown soil and dark brown soil. Yellow brown soil is mainly distributed in the low mountain area below 1500m above sea level, with thick soil layer and neutral to slightly acidic; brown soil is mainly distributed in the middle mountain area between 1500m and 2300m above sea level, with large area and high soil fertility; dark brown soil is mainly distributed in the subalpine area above 2300m above sea level, with high soil fertility.

climate

The climate of Foping National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi province belongs to the mountain warm temperate zone, which is the transition from the north subtropical zone to the warm temperate zone. Affected by the topography and forest vegetation, it has significant mountain forest microclimate characteristics, which provides superior climatic conditions for the breeding of rare animals such as giant pandas.

The climate characteristics of Foping National Nature Reserve in Shaanxi Province are as follows: the four seasons have the characteristics of long winter and spring, short summer and autumn. With the increase of altitude, the shorter summer, the longer winter. The average annual sunshine is 1726.5 hours, and the annual total radiation is 105.12 kcal / cm 2. The annual average temperature is 11.5 ℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 37 ℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is - 12.9 ℃; the temperature decreases with the elevation, and the vertical difference is large. The annual average temperature in the southern low mountain area is 13.4 ℃, and the annual average temperature in the northern 2000m is 6.4 ℃, and the temperature decreases by 0.54 ℃ for every 100m elevation. The annual average precipitation is 924mm, the annual maximum precipitation is 1382.3mm, and the annual minimum precipitation is 603.8mm; the summer precipitation is the most, while the winter precipitation is the least, and the precipitation peak is from the middle of July to August and the first ten days of September every year; the annual average precipitation days are 131.1 days; the daily average precipitation intensity is 7.2mm, which is extreme

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