Chaobai River

Chaobai River

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

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Chaobai River is one of the five major rivers in China Sea water system. There are two branches in the upstream: Chaohe River originates from Fengning County, Hebei Province, flows through Gubeikou in the South and enters Miyun reservoir. Baihe River originates from Guyuan County, Hebei Province, and flows into Miyun Reservoir in the southeast along nahei River and Tanghe River. After leaving the reservoir, the two rivers converged in hecao village, Miyun District, and were called Chaobai River. Running through Hebei Province, Beijing and Tianjin, below Xianghe County, Hebei Province, is the Chaobai New River excavated in 1950, which flows into Yongding New River at Ningchegu sluice and into the sea. It has a total length of 467 kilometers and a drainage area of 19354 square kilometers.

There are Miyun Reservoir and Huairou Reservoir in the basin to control the flood in mountainous areas. Chaobai River is one of the most important water sources in Beijing. In addition to flowing into the urban area of Beijing through Jingmi diversion canal, the main canal of Chaobai River is the irrigation water source in the east of Beijing.

The origin of the name

General information: Chaobai River, ancient known as Gushui, Baoqiu water. Gushui is the ancient name of Baihe River, and baoqiushui is the ancient name of Chaohe River. Chaobai River has been an independent river for a long time. Through historical changes, it is recorded that Chaobai River should have its name only when it met in the Northern Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty. Because of the confluence of Chaobai River and Baihe River in Miyun, it was named Chaobai River and continued to use the name of the two rivers.

General situation of main stream

Chaobai River is located in the west of Ji canal and the east of North Canal. The upstream is composed of two tributaries, Chaohe River and Baihe River. Baihe River originates from danhualing, gushuan County, Bashang County, flows through dushikou and Yunzhou village in the southeast to the south of Chicheng County, and then turns to the East. Along the way, it flows into the main tributaries, such as Honghe River, Heihe River, Tanghe River, etc. In Huairou District (formerly Huairou County), the river flows into the plain after nahuai river. The downstream river flows through SuZhuang to Xianghe River and Wucun sluice into chaobaixin river. Along the way, the river flows into Beijian River, yunchaojian River and qinglongwan River to discharge the flood of the North Canal, and into Chaojian River to discharge the flood of the river. It passes through huangzhuangwa, Qilihai and other flood storage and detention areas, and enters Yongdingxin River into the sea through Ningchegu sluice.

The river has a total length of 467 km and a drainage area of 19354 square kilometers. The length of the river basin is 355km, the average width is 545km, the average gradient of the river basin is 4.22 ‰, and the average gradient of the river channel is 3.24 ‰. The water system is dendritic in shape, covering an area of 16810 square kilometers, with an average annual runoff of 1.653 billion cubic meters, the maximum of 4.32 billion cubic meters (1956) and the minimum of 615 million cubic meters (1984).

In the 1950s and 1960s, three large reservoirs, Yunzhou, Miyun and Huairou, with a total storage capacity of 4.598 billion cubic meters, were built in the basin, controlling an area of 16313 square kilometers, accounting for 97% of the mountainous area.

hydrographic features

The discharge of Chaobai River is very different from that of other rivers. According to the measurement of SuZhuang hydrological station, before the founding of the people's Republic of China, the maximum discharge was 6.469 billion cubic meters in 1939, and the minimum discharge was 334.7 million cubic meters in 1941, with a difference of about 21 times. According to the test of Miyun reservoir station, after the founding of the people's Republic of China, the maximum discharge was 37224 million cubic meters in 1956, and the minimum discharge was 5134 million cubic meters in 1980, with a difference of about 7.2 times.

Chaobai River is an underground river with a width of about 500 meters in the upstream, 1000 meters in the middle and 4000 meters in the downstream. In Shunyi, the slope of the river is 1 / 3000, and the height of the camp is generally 3-4 meters. Before the founding of the people's Republic of China, it was always a river that did more harm than good. Because the upstream passes through the gorge, the slope is steep and the flow is rapid, and a large amount of sediment is washed away every time there is a flood. After entering Shunyi plain, the river becomes wide and shallow, and the flow slows down gradually, resulting in the siltation of the river bed, and the thickness of fine sand reaches 3-4m. The main stream is in the middle reaches of Zhangzhuang village to nanzhuangtou village, 30 kilometers away. The sand beaches on both sides of the river are tortuous and free, and the river bed is extremely unstable. In addition, six tributaries, numerous small ditches and a large amount of surface water flowing in after the rain have aggravated the flooding of the river, resulting in many changes of the river course, bank collapse and frequent disasters. Therefore, "three years of Hedong, three years of Hexi, furubian sand bottom tide Baihe" has become the doggerel of the people on both sides of the Strait. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the water disaster has been basically eliminated after the treatment, but the upper reaches of the river have dried up after the climate change and the closure of the reservoir.

The design discharge from Wucun sluice to Guozhuang (the tidal point of naqinglongwan River) is 2850 m3 / s, the design discharge from Guozhuang to huangzhuangwa flood diversion sluice is 3220 m3 / s, the design discharge from huangzhuangwa flood storage and detention area to daliupo (the tidal point of naqinglongwan River) is 1920 m3 / s, and the design discharge from Guozhuang to Ningchegu dampproof sluice is 2100 m3 / s.

River course changes

There are two branches in the upper reaches of Chaobai River, Baihe River and Chaohe River. In the late Pleistocene before 10000 B.C., the Baihe River flowed southward from the mountain to the north of Tongzhou District (formerly Tongxian county) through xiaozhonghe River and then into Yongding River. After leaving the mountain, the Chaohe River flows southward along Mulin, Yanggezhuang and Guhe road. Starting from JingTuo, it flows southeast along the old road of baoqiushui and joins Jiyun canal at Houjiaying. During the early and middle Holocene from 10000 BC to 3000 BC, the Baihe River changed its course to the East and the Chaohe River changed its course to the West. The two rivers now run along both sides of the Chaobai River Valley and converge into the Yongding River to the east of Tongzhou District (formerly Tongxian county).

Chaobai River has a long history. As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Chaobai rivers did not close, but went their own ways. After entering the country, Chaohe River (called baoqiushui) flows from Mulin xiakan, Jianggezhuang, zhangjiawu, yanjiaqu and Mazhuang to Sanhe County, Hebei Province. After flowing through Baodi, it flows into Ji canal and then into Bohai Sea. Baihe River (called Gushui) enters from Niulanshan and flows into Wenyu River in the north of Tongzhou District (formerly Tongxian county) at the lower ridge of Liqiao. After converging with Yongding River in anci, it flows into Bohai Sea.

In 475 A.D., Chaohe River moved westward in Sanhe county and crossed into Baihe River in Tongzhou District. This is the first meeting point of the two rivers in history. The old Chaohe River became today's Baoqiu river.

After the capital of Liao Dynasty was established in Beijing, Chaobai River became an important waterway. In order to meet the needs of water transport, the confluence of Chaohe and Baihe rivers was raised from Tongzhou District (formerly Tongxian county) to Niulanshan in Shunyi District (formerly Shunyi County) in the first year of Zhenghe in the Northern Song Dynasty (1111 AD).

After the establishment of the capital of Beijing in Ming Dynasty, in order to supply the defense officers and soldiers in Miyun by water transport, in 1555 ad, the general capital Liu Yingjie ordered the defense officers and soldiers to open the East Road of the Baihe River in Miyun and dredge the Chaohe River, leading to the strong tide of the Baihe River. The confluence of the two rivers was further promoted to Caocan village of Miyun river. The old Chaohe River has become today's Xiaodong River, and the old Baihe River is the Shahe River in Huairou. Since then, the confluence of the two rivers has been located.

After the Qing Dynasty, Chaobai River became the main water source of the North Canal and Haihe River. In Shunyi, the river still turns to the west at SuZhuang and goes down to Wenyu River through Liqiao. In 1904 and 1912, the Chaobai river burst twice near lisui, plunging the riverbed under the Jiangan River to the East and rushing into the Ji canal. In 1923, Shunzhi Water Conservancy Commission allocated a large sum of money to build a 30 hole sluice in SuZhuang and an intake sluice on the right bank to guide water into the North Canal. In the 28th year of the Republic of China (1939 AD), the flood of Chaobai River destroyed the SuZhuang sluice gate and went south along the old riverbed. From then on, Chaobai River no longer entered the North Canal. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, a new Chaobai River was built, which eventually became an independent water system, and its old road became the crescent river.

Main tributaries

headwater tributary

There are many tributaries of Chaohe River and Baihe River

Chaohe River, an important tributary of Chaobai River, was called baoqiushui in ancient times. Originated in Fengning County, Hebei Province, south mountain grass niangou. After passing Luanping county of Hebei Province and entering Gubeikou of Miyun District (Miyun County), it flows through Xiahui and Xinzhuang, and then flows into Miyun Reservoir in the west of DACAO village. So far, Chaohe River is 205 km long. The Chaohe River below the reservoir is called Chaobai River after it meets with the Baihe River in the east of hecao village in the southwest of the county. Chaohe River is about 55 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 451 square kilometers and a width of 100-500 meters. Due to the graceful meandering of the river between the mountains, every flood season, the flood roars down like a huge tide, so it is named Chaohe River. Above the Miyun reservoir is the upstream, with a river length of 24 km and a drainage area of 234.5 square kilometers; below the reservoir to the confluence of the Baihe River is the downstream, with a river length of 31 km and a drainage area of 216.8 square kilometers.

According to the history of Chaohe River, before the 34th year of Jiajing (1555 A.D.), Chaohe River did not join Baihe River in the east of hecao village. Instead, Chaohe River went from the South East of the county to the south through tizhizhuang and niuchayu, then to tangzhishan in Shunyi District (formerly Shunyi County), and then to the south of dahujiaying and the east of Niulanshan to join Baihe River. According to the records of Miyun District (Miyun County), volume 1-5: "from Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty to Jiajing period, Baizhuang tide was introduced to facilitate water transportation. The strong guest and the weak host were driven by the tide. From then on, Baiwei was the king and the tide was the assistant.". Thus, it can be seen that the two rivers converged in the east of hecao village only after Baizhuang tide was introduced in the 34th year of Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, and the main stream was diverted to Huairou and Shunyi counties

Chinese PinYin : Chao Bai He