Dawan Shijü—Hakka Enclosed Residence

Dawan Shijü—Hakka Enclosed Residence

Dawanshiju, one of the top ten ancient Hakka villages in Shenzhen, is a major tourist attraction in Shenzhen

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Located in the southwest of pinghuan community, No.33 Dawan Road, Pingshan District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, the Hakka village was built in 1791. It is an ancient castle style Hakka dragon house, covering an area of 25000 square meters, with a building area of 16600 square meters and more than 400 houses.

The plan of dawanshiju is square. There are turrets at the four corners and the sixth floor on the front. They are all connected by high walls. The walls are connected by a horse corridor. The gate of Weilongwu is to the south, and there are four characters of "Da Wan Shi Ju" on the gate tower. In front of the gate is Heping, and in front of it is a moon shaped pond. Flagpole stone is still kept on the side of Heping. Dawanshiju is the place where the Zeng family lives, lives and works. It retains the historical and folk relics and cultural essence of the Hakkas. It reflects the social and cultural characteristics of various periods and the changes of Hakka people. It is of great historical and artistic value. It is also a living fossil for studying and experiencing the origin, folk custom, architectural art and water conservancy projects of Hakka people in Shenzhen. It is of great value for understanding the origin and migration history of Hakka people of Han nationality.

In 1984, "Dawan Shiju" was listed as a key cultural relic protection unit in Shenzhen.

In July 2002, dawanshiju was listed as a key cultural relic protection unit in Guangdong Province, and dawanshiju Hakka folk culture museum was established.

In 2018, dawanshiju was listed as one of the "top ten characteristic cultural blocks" in Shenzhen.

Historical evolution

Dawanshiju was built by the Zeng clan.

According to genealogical records, Zeng's family originated in Wucheng, central China. In 1403, he moved to Jiyang village, Yongfeng, Ji'an, Jiangxi Province. Later, he moved to Shibi village, Ninghua County, Tingzhou, Fujian Province. Then, he moved to Haiyang County, Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, and then to Xingning. In 1791, he moved to Pingshan in the 13th Jianhui Duke. In the 15th Zhougong, he began to build Dawan Shiju in the 56th year of Qianlong (1791).

Dawanshiju is mainly built in two stages. The first stage is baodouxin, which was built in the middle period of Qianlong (around 1755). It is said that Ding Liangwang, the Duke of Zhou Dynasty, had four sons. Before his death at the age of 86, five generations lived together. As a result, the enclosed houses continued to expand and the buildings and walls around baodouxin continued to be built. The second stage was completed in the late Qianlong period (around 1799).

After the completion of the construction, Zeng chuanzhou, together with his three wives and seven sons and daughters, moved into Dawan Shiju with a total of 11 people.

In 1927, the Zeng family of Dawan raised funds to build the Mingxin school. It not only recruited students from the village, but also children of school age from nearby villages such as huangshakeng, niujiaolong, Yangmu tent, and children from relatives of Dawan villagers.

In July 2002, dawanshiju established dawanshiju Hakka Folk Culture Museum.

In 2011, Pingshan New Area invested nearly 30 million yuan to build Dawan Shiju into an exhibition park of Hakka intangible cultural heritage, and as a key activity site of the 7th ICIF and a visiting point of the Universiade.

In 2013, Shenzhen incorporated the protection project of Dawan Shiju into the investment plan of the municipal government in 2013, and invested 24.5 million yuan to protect Dawan Shiju as a whole, creating a theme park of cultural and folk customs.

In 2014, Pingshan District invested 27.44 million yuan to implement the first phase of dawanshiju renovation project by the way of municipal investment in district construction, and completed the acceptance in 2017.

On April 23, 2019, Pingshan District transformed dawanming new school hall into a cultural space integrating comprehensive reading, cultural leisure and Hakka culture exhibition through renovation in dawanshiju.

Architectural pattern

structure

The internal structure of Dawan Shiju is composed of nine streets, eighteen patios, eight building feet, and Zoumalou, which is connected with each other. The streets and alleys of Dawan Shiju are all connected in all directions with a symmetrical north-south pattern.

From the perspective of plane layout, dawanshi residence is rectangular, with ancestral hall, middle building and back building as the central axis, and two rows of hard peak buildings with the same form, pattern and size are symmetrically distributed on both sides. In front of the building, there are Heping and Yuechi, and behind it, there are Sandun PI, which is a trinity of water storage, irrigation and flood control.. The enclosure is more than six meters high, surrounded by four sides, with a circumference of about 500 meters. It is rammed by Sanhe soil. A horse corridor is set on the top of the wall, which is known as "ten Pavilion horse corridor". There are also three story watchtowers distributed around, and the gun holes are widely distributed.

The courtyard wall is about 80 cm thick. There is a moat outside the wall. There are watchtowers around the wall. There is a half moon shaped geomantic pool in front of the whole building. The main wall has three doors. The middle door is a archway. The archway is decorated with cornices and grey sculptures. The wood members are exquisitely carved. There are two sides of doors on the left and right. The middle door enters the courtyard through the gatehouse, and the center is the ancestral hall. Generally speaking, ancestral hall is a place for gathering clan strength, strengthening clan unity, resisting foreign invasion, and handling internal affairs. It is a clan's political and cultural center. Ancestral hall is the most important part in the architecture of Dawan community. The plaque of the ancestral hall reads "Duanyi Temple". The ancestral hall is divided into three parts, with wooden plaques of "guangzongyaozu" and "yanyimou" hanging in the front hall. On both sides of the wall and the main beam of the central hall, three plaques were hung respectively to carry forward the noble character and high prestige of the people, such as: "praise the great talent of the government It's good to be eager for success "。 There is a shrine in the middle of the back hall, engraved with the shrine of "Zhuoyuan hall", which is dedicated to the memorial tablets of the Zeng family.

characteristic

Dawanshiju inherits the architectural style of Song Dynasty: "front, middle and back three seats, left and right two attached houses", also known as "three halls and two horizontal", which is a typical Hakka architectural style. The architectural style reflects the traditional feudal ritual system of the Central Plains and the basic format of manor style fortress in the Han and Jin Dynasties, and reflects its historical origin. Therefore, the Hakka architecture deeply contains the unique family system and hierarchy concept of Confucian culture. For example, the ancestral hall is on the top, the primary and secondary are clear, the ancestral hall is the central axis running through the whole, and the layout is symmetrical. The back wall of the whole building is built into a semicircular arc, which echoes with the half moon shaped Fengshui pool in front. It is a classic Confucian idea of the balance of yin and Yang, the round sky and the unity of man and nature.

"Da Wan Shi Ju" not only embodies its profound Central Plains culture, but also has obvious social function.

Defensive

There are only three doors in the main entrance building of dawanshiju. The main entrance building is a two-story building. During the day, there are people on guard. At night, all three doors are closed, and someone is on duty in the attic. There are watchtowers more than ten meters high at the four corners of the whole building, which are watched day and night. There is also a watchtower on the second side of the middle building in the courtyard to prevent accidents. There are also many gun holes and blastholes on the main entrance. Whenever there is a dispute with the outside world, once the door is closed, use guns and guns to resist. This structure, in addition to defending the enemy, is also used to defend against wild animals. This kind of defensive architecture fully embodies its cultural psychology of self-protection.

 

Closeness

The whole building complex of dawanshiju is self-contained. Because the enclosed building is completely closed, two open-air inner courtyards, also known as Shangtian street and Xiatian street, are developed in front of and behind Santang. Shangxiatian street is a public activity place for ethnic leisure children to play, as well as a public kitchen, toilet room, warehouse and complete drainage system. In addition to public wells, there are wells in every house. The people plough at sunrise and rest at sunrise, living a self-sufficient life.

 

Solidarity

Dawanshiju has a strong sense of "self group". There are about 400 large and small rooms in dawanshiju, and each room is interlinked. Two rows of houses are interlinked through corridors and walls, and the same row of houses are interlinked by doors. Hakkas always pay attention to unity. Until now, Hakkas will treat the whole village as relatives, which has a lot to do with the history of Hakkas' migration from the Central Plains to Lingnan. They not only need the help of the clansmen on the road to overcome difficulties, but also have conflicts and fights with the local people when they settle down in a new place. What's more, they need the clansmen to unite and unite with the outside world. This kind of tradition is reflected in the building of houses, especially when they escape the pursuit of outsiders.

 

Patriarchal system

Hakkas were originally Han people in the Central Plains. The patriarchal system in the history of Han people has been reflected and preserved in Hakka architecture and pattern. Rooms are allocated in strict accordance with the order of seniority. The houses on the central axis are the direct sons and the direct grandchildren, and the common people live in the side houses according to their relatives. For more than 200 years, Hakkas living here have consciously abided by this system left by their ancestors. Although the family will never be separated even if the house is full, new houses will be built in the courtyard if the house is not enough. The roof ridges of ancestral halls, middle buildings and other buildings are made of vertical tiles. According to the clansmen, it can still be used to repair the house with missing tiles when they are afraid that their family's business will fall. It can be seen that the ancestors have made good efforts.

 

Cultural relics

There are many precious folk relics in dawanshiju. After more than 200 years of natural and man-made disasters, they are completely preserved. Inside and outside the ancestral hall, Tang Bi Tang Liang's calligraphy and painting, carved beams and painted buildings, with exquisite craftsmanship. Wang Bo's preface to Tengwang Pavilion and Meng Haoran's preface can be seen on the wall of the nave《

Chinese PinYin : Da Wan Shi Ju