Sun WuKong (The Monkey King)

Description 1

"The founder smiled and said, 'Although you are humble, you are like a monkey eating pine nuts.'"

Description II

"The founder said, 'Although you are like a man, you have fewer cheeks than a man.' The monkey had an abductive face, a concave face and a sharp mouth... The devil saw this and smiled: 'You are less than four feet old, but you are only thirty years old, and you have no weapons in your hand..."

Description 3

Until the time of the Heavenly Palace, they were usually dressed in purple gold crowns with phoenix wings, yellow gold jackets with locks, and cloud shoes with lotus root silk steps.

"Wearing gold armour and gold crown, you can look bright. Holding a gold stirrup in your hand, you can step on cloud shoes. A pair of strange eyes looks like a star, and your ears look hard over your shoulders. Only when you stand tall can you change a lot, and your voice is as loud as a bell. With a sharp mouth, you can consult your teeth, Bi Mawen, and a high heart, you need to be a holy man." (From Journey to the West - The Fourth Chapter - Why Are Officials Appointing Bi Ma to Be Famous and Annotating Qi Tianyi to Be Restless)

Description IV

After being rescued from the foot of the Five Elements Mountain by the Tang Monk, he wore the short white cloth given by the Tang Monk and walked straight forward. He joined the tiger skin skirt at one place, made a horse like fold, wrapped it around his waist, and made a cane. Dress up for the traveler. Wear suede boots. After leaving Tang Monk for a short time and returning, he put on a tight hoop and changed his white cloth Zhizhuan into a brocade Zhizhuan.

"The sharp mouth shrinks, the golden eyes are burning. Moss is piled on the head, and Ficus pumila grows in the ears. There is less grass on the temples, and there is no need to have green sand under the chin. The soil between the eyebrows and the concave mud in the nose are very awkward. The fingers are thick, the palms are thick, and there is more dirt. He is also happy to have his eyes rolling, the voice is harmonious. Although the language is convenient, his body can't be that... When he saw the master taking off a white cloth, which is short and straight, he pulled it over and put it on his body. But he took off the tiger skin and connected it 。 Make a fold like a horse's face, wrap it around your waist, pull a cane, and go to the master and say, 'How is my appearance today better than yesterday?' Sanzang said: 'Good, good, good. Only in this way can we be like a traveler. '" (From Journey to the West, Fourteenth Chapter, The Heart Ape Returns to the Six Thieves without a Trace)

Description V

"The body of the beholder is shabby, his face is thin, and he is less than four feet long." (From Journey to the West, 21st Chapter, Dharma Protector, Great Sage Xu Mi, Lingji, calms down the wind and demons)

Description VI

"The Taoist said, 'Master, this monk is different from that one: he is grumpy and has no backbone.' The monk official said, 'What do you look like?' The Taoist said, 'He has round eyes, looks at his ears, looks hairy, and has a big mouth. He holds a stick in his hand and bites his teeth fiercely. He wants to find someone to fight.'" (From Journey to the West, 36th Turn, The Inner Ape Is Standing at All Destinations and Cracking the Side Door to See the Moon)

Description 7

"The golden eyes on the forehead are shining, and the round head and hairy face have no cheeks. Zi Ya has a good temperament and a sharp mouth. He looks more strange than Lei Gong." (From Journey to the West - The Forty fourth Journey to the West - Dharma Body and Yuan Yun Encounter Cars, Strength, Heart, and Evil Spirits to the Ridge Pass)

Description VIII

"The evil way: 'He is a monk with a hairy face, a thunder mouth, an ear check, a broken nose, and hot eyes.'"

Description IX

"He looks just like the Great Sage: yellow hair and gold hoop, gold eyes and fiery eyes; he wears cotton cloth and wears a tiger skin skirt with his waist; he also holds a gold hoop iron rod in his hand; he also steps on a pair of suede boots; he also has such a hairy face and a big mouth, his cheeks are different from Saturn, his ears are wide and his tusks are outward." (From Journey to the West, Chapter 58, Two Minds Disturb the Great Universe, One Body Is Hard to Be True and Silent)

Description 10

"The old man saw that he was ugly, so he shut his mouth, sucked hard, drank a drink, and said with a quincunx: 'You are a poor man. You kowtow, bow your forehead, flatten your nose, dent your cheeks, have hairy eyes, and a phthisis. You don't know how high or low you are. You have a sharp mouth. Do you dare to rush into my old man?'" (From Journey to the West, 67th Chapter, Saving Tuolu Zen's Nature from Dirty Tao and Mind)

Monkey King was born

Sun Wukong was born in the Huaguo Mountain of Aolai Country, Dongsheng Shenzhou in the Saha World, and was nurtured by the immortal stone since its inception. However, the immortal stone is not without its origin. It is located on the ancestral vein of the three islands in the ten continents. Its height is according to 24 qi, and its upper orifices correspond to the nine palaces and eight trigrams (nine orifices and eight orifices). A celestial stone burst and laid a stone egg, which turned into a stone monkey when the wind blew. After the stone monkey was born, two divine lights appeared in his eyes and shot into the Doufu House, alerting the Jade Emperor in the sky. Later, because he successfully broke into the Water Curtain Cave, he was worshipped as the "Monkey King" by the monkeys of Huaguo Mountain.

Learn from a teacher

The Monkey King enjoyed life in Huaguo Mountain. After three or four hundred years, in order to find a way to live forever, he went to Fangcun Mountain, Lingtai, Xiniu Hezhou, to worship the founder Bodhi of Xieyue Sanxing Cave, and got the name Sun Wukong. He learned the way to live forever, seventy-two changes, and somersault clouds, which took 20 years. Later, he was expelled by Bodhi for showing off his skills.

Dragon Palace Treasure Hunting

After he returned to the mountain to defeat the Demon King, Sun Wukong got a big sword and a lot of weapons from Aolai to distribute to monkeys with magic power. But none of the weapons was handy. In order to find a weapon worthy of hand, the Dragon Palace in the East China Sea made a big fuss, and finally found Ruyi's gold hoop stick. The other Three Sea Dragon Kings gave the phoenix wings purple gold crown, lock yellow gold armor, lotus root silk step cloud shoes as a cloak. The Dragon King held a grudge and reported it to the Heaven for arrest. At this time, Monkey King was thriving and making friends. He became seven brothers, and became the Lord of the Ox, the Lord of the Jiao, the Lord of the Peng, the King of the Lion and the Camel, the King of the Macaque, and the King of the Yu Marmoset.

Havoc in heaven

When Sun Wukong was 342 years old, he was arrested by a ghost messenger and made a scene in the underworld. He destroyed the life and death book about him and the monkeys in the world and returned to the world. The King of Hell reported to the Heaven that the Jade Emperor wanted to capture Wukong, and Taibai Jinxing suggested to appease him. Sun Wukong was summoned to the Heavenly Palace and was tricked into being named Bi Mawen. 15 days later, he knew that the official was raising horses. He was furious and broke out of the South Heavenly Gate. When they returned to Huaguo Mountain, two one horned ghost kings came to join them and suggested that Monkey King should call himself "the Great Sage of Heaven".

The Jade Emperor knew that Monkey King had turned against the Heavenly Palace and ordered Li Jing, the king of the pagoda, to send troops to suppress it. Monkey King defeated the spirits and the three princes of Nezha. With the advice of Taibai Jinxing, the Heavenly Court made Monkey King a titular Great Sage and took charge of the Peach Blossom Garden. Unexpectedly, Monkey King was unruly. Instead, he ate flat peaches, drank immortal wine, ate pills and disturbed the feast of flat peaches. The Jade Emperor was so angry that he ordered Li Jing to lead 100000 heavenly soldiers and generals with 18 traps to capture the demon monkey. Monkey King defeated the Jiuyao Evil Star, the Five Heavenly Kings, and the Third Prince Nezha, and made the Fenshenshu defeat 100000 heavenly soldiers. Because of this war, Monkey King became famous all over the world.

The Guanyin Bodhisattva who came to the Peach Feast first asked his disciple Hui'an Walker to help. Hui'an was defeated by Sun Wukong. He returned to the heaven with Li Jing for help. Guanyin Bodhisattva saw that Sun Wukong was very powerful, and recommended the Jade Emperor's nephew, Xiansheng Erlang Zhenjun, to get Sun Wukong. Erlang led his troops to Huaguo Mountain, where they fought with Monkey King for three hundred rounds without any difference. Later, they changed their appearance and showed their magic power. The six brothers of Meishan set fire to the mountain while the rear of Huaguo Mountain was empty. Sun Wukong ran away without any desire to fight. They gambled with Erlang God about changes. After a hard day of fighting, Guanyin wanted to help Erlang God capture Sun Wukong with a clean bottle. He was stopped by the Supreme Lord and left the mountain in exchange for Vajra Zhuo. His other leg was bitten by Erlang God's Roaring Dog, and then he was captured.

Sun Wukong was captured and asked to be killed at the Demon Slashing Platform. Because he had eaten the golden pill of the Supreme Lord and became the body of the Vajra, all kinds of punishments were invalid. Finally, the Supreme Lord took him to Douzhu Palace to smelt for seven to forty-nine days, but it backfired. So Monkey King kicked down the stove and knocked Lao Jun upside down. It also caused a great disturbance in the Heavenly Palace, and used the golden stirrup stick to fight the enemies in the east and west. At one time, no one could stop it. Until he reached the Tongming Hall and fought with Wang Lingguan, Yousheng Zhenjun sent thirty-six Lei Generals to besiege Monkey King. During the fight, Buddha Tathagata appeared, and Monkey King was defeated, and he was pressed under the Five Elements Mountain.

Learn from the Western Heaven

Five hundred years later, Sun Wukong was saved by Tang Monk after being pressed under the Five Elements Mountain. Tang Monk took him as his teacher and gave him a number. Therefore, he was also called Sun Walker and set foot on the road of learning scriptures in the western sky.

Because Monkey King killed six robbers who robbed scriptures (one said that it was Monkey King's six meanings), Tang Monk scolded him. Monkey King left in anger, and Guanyin turned into an old mother. He passed a golden flower hat and a tight hoop mantra to Tang Monk, coaxing Monkey into wearing the golden flower hat, and the golden hoop was embedded in the meat. When Tang Monk recited the incantation, Sun Wukong suffered a terrible headache. This was Tang Monk's way of restraining Sun Wukong.

The master and the apprentice set out westward to capture the white dragon in Yingchou Stream. The little white dragon turned into the mount of Tang Monk. In the Guanyin Hall, Sun Wukong showed off the Jinlan cassock, which caused the elder of Jinchi to be greedy and wanted to burn Tang Monk's disciples, but Sun Wukong burned the Zen Hall. In the chaos, the cassock was stolen by the black bear spirit. Sun Wukong went to the South China Sea to invite Guanyin to change his magic elixir. Induce the black bear spirit to swallow and subdue the monster.

They continued westward and came to Gaolaozhuang. Gao Cuilan, the daughter of Gao Taigong, was forcibly occupied by a monster with a long mouth and big ears. Sun Wukong chased the monster to the Yunzhan Cave, and learned that the monster was Marshal Tianpeng. He was demoted to the lower bound and was cast into a pig's womb by mistake because he molested the Nishang Fairy (a member of Chang'e. In Journey to the West, "Chang'e" is the name for all the fairies in the Moon Mansion. It is not the legendary wife of Hou Yi, "Shen'e"). After being captured by Guanyin, Zhu Wuneng was granted the name of Zhu Wuneng. He waited here for the Buddhist scripture collector, so he called on Tang Monk and became his second disciple. Later, Tang Monk was taught the Maha Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra by Zen Master Wuchao at Mount Futu. Encounter the Yellow Wind Monster in the Yellow Wind Ridge, and find it fascinating. Sun Wukong asks Mishan Lingji Bodhisattva to subdue this monster. In the quicksand river, they captured the water monster named Sha Wujing, who was given the name by Guanyin, and ordered him to wait for the people in the east to learn the scriptures. They named him Monk Sha and became the third disciple of Tang Monk. The four disciples traveled across mountains and rivers to the west to get scriptures.

Guanyin wanted to test the Taoist heart of Tang Monk's disciples, and turned into beautiful women with the old mother of Lishan, Samantabhadra and Manjusri, and recruited four people to marry. Tang Monk and the other three were unmoved. A pig, Bajie, was infatuated with women and was hanged on a tree by a bodhisattva. In Wuzhuang Temple of Longevity Mountain, Sun Wukong and others ate ginseng fruit secretly, knocked down the immortal tree, and was captured by Zhen Yuanzi. The Monkey King invited Guanyin to save the immortal tree with nectar. Finally, he and Zhenyuanzi became brothers.

Kill demons

In the White Tiger Ridge, the white bone essence changed three times. Sun Wukong saw through all the changes and killed the white bone essence. Pig Bajie took the opportunity to slander. Tang Monk did not distinguish between the true and the false, and drove away the Monkey King. After returning to Huaguo Mountain, Sun Wukong cast a spell to kill more than a thousand hunters. He borrowed some water from the Dragon King of the Four Seas to wash the mountain green. The first is planted with elm willow, the second is planted with pine, peach, plum, jujube and plum, and the Huaguo Mountain is revitalized.

In the Black Pine Forest, Tang Monk was caught by the Yellow robed monster. Fortunately, Princess Baihua of the Kingdom of Treasure Elephant was ashamed to save him. Baihua shamed Tang Monk and asked him to send a letter to his father in the Kingdom of Treasure Elephant to rescue him. Pig Bajie and Monk Sha could not defeat the Yellow robed monster, Monk Sha was captured, and Monk Tang was turned into a tiger. Zhu Bajie wanted to go back to Gaolaozhuang, but Bai Longma tried to persuade him. Please go back to the Monkey King at Huaguo Mountain to subdue the demons. The four apprentices continue westward.

The King of Golden Horn and King of Silver Horn of Lianhua Cave in Pingdingshan Mountain wanted to take Tang Monk, and they also had five pieces of treasure, including purple gold red gourd, white jade bottle, seven star sword, plantain fan and gold rope. Sun Wukong fought with him for wisdom and courage. After many hardships, he subdued the two monsters.

The king of Wuji State was pushed into the well by a lion monster and drowned because of his disrespect to Manjusri Bodhisattva. The lion spirit changes the king. The ghost of the king appealed to Tang Monk for help. Bajie carried the body out of the well. Wukong asked the Supreme Lord for the golden pill to save the king. He united with the crown prince of Wuji Kingdom to reveal the true face of the false king. The lion and the tiger were originally transformed by the green haired lion, the mount of Manjusri Bodhisattva.

Red Boy, the son of the Bull Demon King, was guarding the Huoyun Cave and wanted to eat Tang Monk's meat. Wukong was afraid of smoke because of his golden eyes, which could not equal Red Boy's Samadhi fire. Please come to the Bodhisattva to subdue the demon. The Bodhisattva subdued the Red Boy and made him a good money boy. The alligator dragon of Heishui River becomes a boatman. Induce Tang Monk and Bajie to get on board and sink into Shuifu. Monkey King invited Prince Moan of the Dragon King of the West Sea to capture the dragon and return to the West Sea. Chechi, the Three Great Immortals, the Tiger Force Immortal, the Deer Force Immortal, and the Sheep Force Immortal, had done meritorious deeds by begging for rain to save the drought, and had become the national teacher. The king respected and killed the monk. Wukong and others defeated the three wizards one by one and made them come true.

The carp in the lotus pond in front of the Avalokitesvara are refined, claiming to be the King of Inspiration, and are eating boys and girls at Tongtianhe. Monkey King and Pig Bajie became children and beat back the king of inspiration. The Inspiration King made the Tongtian River frozen, induced the Tang Monk to walk on the ice and take in the Water Mansion. The Bodhisattva came to take the Inspiration King back to the South China Sea. The Supreme Lord Laojun rode the Green Bull while the guard boy dozed off. He stole Laojun's Vajra Zhuo to make trouble in the lower bound, and captured the Tang Monk in Jindou Cave. Wu's golden stirrup was collected. He invited Huo Dezhen, Li Jing, Tianbing Tianjiang, Deng Xin Tianjun, Yellow River Shuibo, and Eighteen Arhats to collect the weapons. Later, he found the Supreme Lord and captured the cattle.

The four masters and disciples continued westward. Tang Monk and Pig Bajie drank their mother and son rivers to get pregnant. Sun Wukong defeated Ruyi Zhenxian, took the water from the Spring of the Fallen Embryos, and relieved their foetus. The king of the women's kingdom of Xiliang is trying to recruit Tang Monk as his husband. Sun Wukong and other wise men are determined to go west, but Tang Monk is captured by the scorpion in Pipa Cave. Sun Wukong invited the Pleiadian official, who turned into a double headed rooster, so that the scorpion spirit appeared in its original form and died in front of the slope.

The six eared macaques took the opportunity to become the Monkey King, snatched the luggage and customs documents, and turned the little monsters into Tang Monk, Bajie, and Sha Monk, intending to go to the west to cheat the scriptures. The true and false Second Wukong was killed from heaven to the earth. Guanyin, Tang Monk, the gods of the heaven, and the underground Tibet could not identify the true and false. It was not until the Buddha of Leiyin Temple that the Tathagata told the truth. Six eared macaques were killed by Sun Wukong.

The four masters and disciples made up as good as ever. Go to the west with one heart. In the Flaming Mountain, I want to ask the Princess Iron Fan to fan out the fire. Princess Iron Fan was angry that Monkey King sent her child Red Boy to Guanyin to be a boy. She refused to lend it to him. Monkey King fought with Princess Iron Fan and the Bull Demon King several times to subdue them and put out the fire. The four disciples were able to continue to the west.

In the sacrificial state, the master and apprentice swept the pagoda to argue that they were wronged. With the help of Erlang God and the Seven Saints of Meishan Mountain, Sun Wukong and others swept the Bibo Pond, killed the Dragon King and Princess of All Saints, and wounded the nine headed insects.

Wu Yue's version of the Monkey King

Wu Yue's version of the Monkey King (16 sheets)

In Xiaoleiyin Temple, the boy who sat down and knocked the chime of Maitreya stole gold cymbals and race bags when Maitreya was not at home. He became refined in the lower bound and was known as the King of Yellow Eyebrows. King Huang Mei assumes that Leiyin Temple seduces Tang Monk's disciples to fall for the trap and imprisons Monkey King in a golden cymbal. He also used the race bag to collect the 28 Star Constellations, the five dragon gods, the two turtle and snake generals, Prince Zhang and the four god generals invited by Monkey King. At the critical moment, Maitreya Buddha came from the clouds with a smile and taught Wukong to lure monsters out of the cave. Maitreya Buddha turned into a kind of gourd old man and asked King Huang Mei to eat the watermelon that Wukong turned into. He was in great pain for a while and begged for mercy by all means. He finally conquered King Huang Mei. Maitreya also took the opportunity to take back the human bag and other treasures.

Passing by Tuoluo Villa, I heard that there were monsters in the Qijue Mountain more than 30 miles away. They were doing evil here. Monkey King and Pig Bajie chased the red scale python in the thin persimmon. Monkey King entered the snake's belly and beat the drum. Then he broke his belly and took the snake's body back to Tuoluo Villa. After arriving at the State of Zhu Zi, he learned that the king's wife, the Empress of Jinsheng Palace, was captured three years ago by Sai Taisui (Guanyin's mount, Jinmao). Sun Wukong went to Qilin Mountain to steal his magic treasure, Zijin Ling. Finally, Sai Taisui was taken away by Guanyin Bodhisattva. In Pansi Cave and Huanghua Temple, Sun Wukong fought against spider spirit and centipede spirit, and with the help of Pilanpo Bodhisattva, he subdued demons.

The green haired lion monster, the yellow tooth old elephant and the golden winged roc carving occupied the Lion Camel Mountain and the Lion Camel Country. They were very powerful. After several battles of wits and bravery, Sun Wukong defeated the green haired lion monster and the yellow tooth old elephant, but they were defeated by the three demons. Later, he heard that Tang Monk was eaten. He had no choice but to go to the western sky to ask the Buddha to remove the shackles. So the Tathagata told the truth and brought Buddhas and Bodhisattvas to the Lion Camel Country to conquer the three demons.

The king of the state of bhikkhu was confused by the father of the state, who was riding a white deer, and wanted to make a drug introduction from the hearts and livers of 1111 children. Monkey King saved the baby and defeated the demons. The birthday star came to take back the white deer.

The golden nosed white haired rat spirit trapped in the bottomless cave of the empty mountain changes. The woman kidnaps the Tang monk and forces him to marry. Sun Wukong visited the bottomless cave and found out that the golden nosed white rat spirit was Li Jing's adopted daughter. He told the court that Li Jing and Nezha had taken the white rat spirit back to Cao Fa.

The Monkey King in 1964 Animation

The Monkey King in 1964 Animation (6)

The king of France vowed to kill 10000 monks. The Monkey King cast spells and shaved off the hair of the king's concubines and ministers of culture and military affairs, so that the king could turn his heart back to kindness and change France into a state of imperial monks. The king of the south mountain of Yinwu Mountain wanted to eat the flesh of the Tang Monk, but Wukong fell asleep with a sleepy insect. Bajie's harrowing killed the monster.

The four apprentices went to the country of India, and the county marquis set up a list to pray for rain. Wukong visited and found out the reason. He persuaded the county Hou Xiangshan to send rain. When the master and apprentice came to Yuhua Prefecture, they were robbed of weapons by the yellow lion spirit because they were teaching the prince to learn skills. Sun Wukong and the three men recaptured the weapons, and the yellow lion spirit went to the Zuweng Jiulingyuan Sage, that is, Tai Yi saved Ku Tianzun from sitting down with nine lions. Monkey King went to Miaoyan Palace, the eastern pole of Qinghua Changle World, and invited Taiyi to save Kutianzun, and captured the Nine Holy Spirits.

When he came to Jinping Mansion, Tang Monk watched the lantern on the Lantern Festival night and was photographed by three rhinoceros, Xuanying Cave, to cool the cold, heat and dust. Monkey King invited Simu Bird Star to capture the three monsters and behead them in public.

In India, Tang Monk was hit by a fake princess who had changed from the Jade Rabbit in the Moon Palace, and wanted to be called a bridegroom. Sun Wukong saw through the truth and met with the Lord of the Heavenly Yin to capture the Jade Rabbit and rescue the real princess who was exiled outside the city.

After taking a break from the rest of the bandits in Diling County, Tongtai Prefecture, the bandits were robbed and killed. Tang Monk's disciples were caught as bandits and put into prison. Monkey King went to the hell to summon the souls of bandits. The case became clear.

Have a successful outcome

The four masters and disciples finally came to the Holy Land of Lingshan Mountain after many hardships and paid a visit to the Buddha, but they only got the Wuzi Sutra because they had never sent anyone to Ananda and Jiaye. In ancient times, Bai Xiong of the Lantern Buddha Sect reminded Tang Monk and his disciples to return to Leiyin Temple again, and served the purple gold bowl as a personnel gift from the King of Tang. Only then did he get the thirty-five five 5048 volumes of the Sutra and return to the East. Unexpectedly, the 89-81 difficulty is still not complete. At the Tongtian River, Old Turtle overturned the four people into the river and wet the scriptures.

Tang Sanzang sent the Buddhist scriptures back to Chang'an, and his real body returned to Lingshan Mountain. Sun Wukong was awarded the title of "Dou Defeat Buddha" because of his great contributions, and Bajie, Shaseng and White Dragon Horse were also awarded the titles. The five saints became true and shared the bliss.

Dare to fight

Sun Wukong is a person who dares to rebel against tradition, authority and feudal hierarchy. This is particularly prominent in the first seven chapters. In order to obtain weapons, Sun Wukong armed himself and made trouble in the Dragon Palace; In order to get rid of the control of the Department of Hell, and to achieve "immortality and longevity with heaven, earth, mountains and rivers", they also made a big fuss in the underworld, forcing Yan Jun to take the book of life and death, "to take monkeys and the like, but famous people are all red". It fully shows the spirit of Sun Wukong's rebellious spirit of longing for freedom and fearing violence. This spirit is the strongest and most prominent in the chaos in the Heavenly Palace. He did not recognize the exclusive authority of the Son of Heaven, let alone any majesty and order of God's kingdom of heaven. In front of the Jade Emperor, the immortals called for worship, while the Monkey King proudly "stood up beside", neither "paying tribute" nor "thanking"; When the Jade Emperor asked in time, he just "sang a big song" and promised that "Lao Sun is the one". In the eyes of Monkey King, the Jade Emperor and the strict ritual laws of the court did not restrain him at all. In Sun Wukong's mind, there is no inviolable heaven, nor can he tolerate others' "contempt" for him. So when he found that the title of "Bi Ma Wen" was a hoax, he immediately became "angry", took Ruyi's golden cudgel out of his ears, shot out of the South Heaven Gate all the way, returned to Huaguo Mountain, and raised the flag of "Great Sage in Heaven" to compete with the heaven. Sun Wukong's rebellion is actually a denial of the power of the Kingdom of Heaven, a challenge to the rule of divine power, and a contempt for the hierarchy of upper and lower rank.

Positive and optimistic

Sun Wukong is a positive, optimistic, brave, fearless, and courageous person. This is most fully demonstrated in the struggle to kill monsters on the way of learning scriptures. On the way to learn from the scriptures, even though he experiences many difficulties and dangers and meets many ghosts and monsters, Sun Wukong is not afraid to retreat. He always keeps positive and optimistic, faces everything with a high spirit, never gets discouraged even if he fails, and always goes forward bravely. This is due not only to his superb skills, but also to his firm belief in learning from the experience behind the support of both sides, so that he has the optimism to laugh at the wind and rain.

awe-inspiring righteousness

Sun Wukong is a person with a very clear sense of right and wrong. He helps the poor, sympathizes with the lonely, hates evil as if it were enemy, and eliminates evil for the people. The Monkey King killed the demons not only to protect Tang Monk, but also to eliminate evils for the people. Sun Wukong fought against injustice and saved disasters among people. Therefore, whenever Sun Wukong heard that there was a demon on the way to get scriptures, whether or not he was hindering Tang Monk's westward journey, he would resolutely catch it, and he would catch it as soon as he could. Even if he met the most ferocious demon, he would never flinch when encountering any difficulty, and always went to win the profits with high morale. He may go to heaven and earth to find out the origin of the demon and try to kill it; Or they can turn into bees, insects and mosquitoes, go into the demon cave to feel the situation, find information, steal babies and subdue the goblins; Or they can turn into relatives, friends, relatives and even small monsters of goblins to deceive them; In order to defeat the goblins, he even skillfully drilled into the goblins' belly to "stand dragonflies, fight with catties", "fall flat, kick their feet", so that the goblins bowed down and conceded defeat. Even at the moment when life was at stake, Sun Wukong never lost heart, still maintained a strong fighting spirit, and fought with the goblins unremittingly and tenaciously. It can be seen that the Monkey King is really responsible for saving people's suffering and mopping up demons.

feudalistic ideas

The feudal consciousness was exposed in Sun Wukong's mind from time to time. Pansi Cave Spider Essence bathed in Zhuogue Spring, but Sun Wukong was afraid of losing his reputation because he was afraid of the preaching of "men don't fight women", and because he refused to fight, he caused a lot of trouble later. Sun Wukong always wanted to be a high-ranking official, but he always succumbed to the pressure of Buddha and showed a strong thought of repaying Tang Monk. Sun Wukong is also famous, competitive and wears a high hat, so that once he was turned into a Bajie by the Bull Demon King because of "the winning cat is like a tiger" and "the pride is joy". He deceived the plantain fan he just got from the Princess Iron Fan back. The mistake was that he was overwhelmed by victory and was unable to investigate carefully. He also likes to play tricks on Pig Bajie in all situations. He nearly put Pig Bajie in danger at Shituo Ridge.

Origin of Name

From Wu Cheng'en's four famous works Journey to the West: The Monkey King was originally born from an immortal stone on the Huaguo Mountain. The heaven and earth were born without parents and no name. It was named after the Bodhi founder.

Surname Sun: The founder took the surname 'Hao' from the Monkey King. The word "Hu" went to a beast. It was an ancient month. The ancients are old, and the moon is overcast. Lao Yin could not be nurtured, so he was taught his surname as' monkey '. When the word "cat" goes to the animal, it is a child. The son is the son of a man, and the son of a child is the son of a child. This is exactly the theory of the origin of a baby. His surname is' Sun '.

Name Wukong: There are twelve characters in the Ancestor's Sect. They are assigned names. Monkey King is the tenth generation of disciples. Those twelve words are 'the vast wisdom is like the sea of human nature to understand the perfect sense'. When you come to Monkey King, the word "Wu" is just right. The founder gave the Monkey King a name, 'Monkey King'.

Sun Wukong, also called "traveler", was born in the Huaguo Mountain Water Curtain Cave of Aolai Country, Dongsheng Shenzhou. The golden water is vacuum. If you can understand the emptiness, you have to go to the emptiness, and the golden water is saved.

Seal name

According to Wu Chengen's Journey to the West in the Ming Dynasty, Monkey King Qi Tian is the Great Sage and defeated the Buddha.

According to Zhu Dingchen and Yang Zhihe of the Ming Dynasty's "Tang Sanzang's Journey to the West to Relieve Misery" and "Journey to the West", Sun Wukong was loyal to his teacher and was promoted to "fight against Buddha".

According to the Later Journey to the West of the Ming Dynasty, the eldest sage was named Wukong, a grandson. When he learned scriptures, he had a popular name called "traveler", and called himself the Great Sage of Qitian. After becoming a Buddha, he became "fighting against Buddha".

According to the Tang Dynasty Tripitaka Sutra Collection Poems, "The king of macaques and monkey walkers were awarded the" Great Sage of Bronze Tendon and Iron Bones "by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.

The Proverbs of Pu Tongshi clearly recorded that the name of the Buddha granted to him was "Bodhisattva of the Great Power King" and the Pinghua of Journey to the West of the Yuan Dynasty.

Prototype attachment

Xinye Monkey Opera

In addition to acrobatics and games, a large number of Han painted bricks unearthed in Xinye are not uncommon for monkeys, dogs and people to hunt and play together. By the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Monkey Opera had become popular in Xinye. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, monkey playing became more popular in Xinye.

It is said that during his tenure, Wu Cheng'en lived in Jiancong deeply, paid attention to everything, and was deeply influenced by the folk customs of Xinye County, especially the traditional folk art of monkey opera in Xinye. Moreover, Xinye dialect is widely used in Journey to the West. For example, Xinye people call "dumpling" "flat food", and animals "restless" "bone redundancy". Such dialects can be found everywhere in Journey to the West, which shows Wu Chengen's deep understanding of Xinye's folk customs. Perhaps, thanks to his meticulous observation of Xinye Monkey Opera and the lively monkey attitude in Xinye Monkey Opera, the beloved Monkey King image in the mythical masterpiece Journey to the West came into being.

Shunchang Qitian Great Sage

At the main peak of Baoshan Mountain, which is more than 1300 meters above sea level in Shunchang, there is a small temple called "Double Holy Temple" by local people. The temple is an affiliated cultural relic of Baoshan Temple, a national key cultural relics protection unit. Inside the temple is an ancient joint burial shrine with two tablets of the divine position standing side by side. The tablet on the left is engraved with "the Great Sacred Position of Qitian Peak", and the tablet on the right is engraved with "the Great Sacred Position of Qitian". In the architectural complex of Baoshan Temple, there are clear stone inscriptions on the ridge of the main hall, "The tripod was built in the 23rd year of the Zhizheng era (1363) of the Yuan Dynasty", "The 24th year of Hongwu era (1391) of the Ming Dynasty", and many tombs and inscriptions of the Song and Yuan dynasties. These historical objects prove that the Shuangsheng Temple is at least a historical relic of the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. Shuangsheng Temple is the earliest Qitian Great Sage Temple found in China, which is at least 200 years earlier than Wu Chengen's Journey to the West. It can be said that it is the origin of Qitian Great Sage Temple. The belief of Shunchang Qitian Great Sage may have played an important role in the later book of Journey to the West and the formation of the image of Monkey King. The blood of Shunchang "Great Sage" may flow in the blood vessels of Monkey King in Journey to the West.

The theory of no support Qi

Wuzhi Qi is a water monster in Chinese mythology. His shape is like an ape, with a flat nose, protruding forehead, white head and blue body, and hot eyes. His head and neck are 100 feet long, and his strength exceeds that of nine elephants.

Lu Xun was the first to put forward the theory of Qi without branches. In the Historical Changes of Chinese Novels, Lu Xun proposed that Wu Chengen in Journey to the West had never read Buddhist scriptures, and there was no similar story in the Indian scriptures translated by China, but Wu Chengen was familiar with Tang novels, and there were many places influenced by Tang novels in Journey to the West. Therefore, Lu Xun believed that the image of the Monkey King should come from Chinese folklore. He cited the water monster Qi Wuzhi in the novel "Ancient Mountain Dujing" by Li Gongzuo of the Tang Dynasty as evidence. The image of Qi Wuzhi, similar to that of an ape, appeared in the Tang Dynasty. It has the characteristics of "golden sun and snow teeth, more powerful than nine elephants, fighting against soaring diseases, light and quick, and can not be seen and heard for long", so the original shape of the Monkey King has been possessed. Up to the legend of Wu Chengen's time, Wuzhi Qi still played tricks in Huaiyang area. From this, Lu Xun believed that the Monkey King evolved in China.

According to the textual research of later generations, Volume 467 of Taiping Guangji cited the legend of Wuzhi Qi in the Battle Tent Chatter. Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the story of Yu Fu Wuzhi Qi has been widely spread among the people. The story of Wuzhi Qi has been circulated for more than 500 years before the story of Tang Monk's taking scriptures appeared. Among them, Yang Ne, a Mongolian opera writer in the early Ming Dynasty, was the first to write the story of Tang Monk's taking scriptures. Today, there are 18 kinds of dramas, including Liu Xingshou and Journey to the West.

Yang Na's Zaju Journey to the West is a folk tale about Tang Monk learning scriptures. The image of Monkey King appeared in Tang Sanzang's Western Paradise Scripture by Wu Changling, a drama writer of the Yuan Dynasty, and there was a saying that "Wuzhi Qi is his sister". It can be seen that the characterization of Monkey King has borrowed from the image of Wuzhi Qi. Wu Chengen lived in a time when the story of Wuzhi Qi had been passed down for 800 years. Wu Chengen loved to collect folk tales, and he must have read books like Taiping Guangji. As Lu Xun said, "Wu Chengen of the Ming Dynasty performed Journey to the West, and turned his spirit into a swift one."

If we say that the image of the Monkey King in Yuan Zaju was influenced by Wu Cheng'en, Wu Cheng'en's Monkey King is the embodiment of Wu Cheng'en. Wuzhi Qi was locked at the foot of Turtle Mountain by Dayu, and Sun Wukong was pressed at the foot of Five Elements Mountain by Tathagata; Wuzhi Qi looks like an ape. The Monkey King was originally a monkey, and its shape is similar to that of "fighting, soaring, rushing, light and quick".

At present, the theory of "no support Qi" has further developed. On August 9, 2014, at the "2014 Symposium on the Origin and Culture of Journey to the West", the participating scholars, through exchanges, discussions and demonstrations, believed that the origin of the myth stories of the journey to the west was in Tongbai Mountain, Suizhou, Hubei Province. The prototype of the main character of Monkey King in Journey to the West was the natural monkey Wuzhi Qi in the legend of Tongbai Mountain, which further demonstrated the correctness of the theory of Wuzhi Qi.

Shi Wukong said

Another argument about the origin of the Monkey King is that the eminent monk of the Tang Dynasty "explained the Monkey King". Shi Wukong's laity name is Che Fengchao. In 751 AD, he went to the Western Regions with Zhang Guangtao, became a monk in Gandhara due to illness, and returned to the capital in 789 AD. Shi Wukong was more than 40 years later than Xuanzang, but his departure place also started in Xi'an. When he returned, he had been engaged in translation and missionary activities in the Western Regions for many years, leaving many deeds and legends. Some scholars believe that during the long evolution of the story of "learning scriptures", people gradually linked and kneaded the name of Shi Wukong with the name of the legendary "Monkey Walker" who accompanied Tang Monk to learn scriptures, and gradually formed the artistic image of "Sun Wukong".

Shipan Tuo said

Zhang Jinchi, a professor of the Chinese Department of Harbin Normal University, came to the conclusion after studying the changing process of Buddhist scripture stories that the realistic prototype of Sun Wukong was Shi Pantuo, a disciple of the Hu people, who was accepted when Xuanzang's journey to the west was the most difficult, as recorded in the Biography of the Three Tibetan Masters. The reason is that there are similarities between Monkey King and Monk Tang and Shipan Tuo and Xuanzang: the role of guide is similar, the role of crisis resolution is similar, the identity of practitioners is the same, and the subtle relationship between teachers and disciples is similar.

Another point is that Shipanto is a Hu Monk, and Hu Monk is close to the "monkey". "Baobao" is the false name of "Hu Monk". At that time, Buddhism was widely believed in the Western Regions. Tang Monk often met several Hu Monks in the Western Regions, while Chinese people had the habit of calling some names, "Hu Monk", as "monkey". In the eyes of the people in the Central Plains, the Hu people are straightforward and very similar to Sun Wukong. Under the guidance of religious thought, "Tang Monk takes Buddhist scriptures and Hu Monk helps" is easily said to be "Tang Monk takes Buddhist scriptures and the monkeys help", which provides an opportunity for the deification of Xuanzang's story of taking Buddhist scriptures.

According to media reports, after studying the mural "Tang Monk's Sutra Drawing" in Yulin Grottoes in Gansu Province, experts believe that a Hu man with sharp mouth and monkey cheeks closely following Tang Monk in the mural is the prototype of Sun Wukong. Duan Wenjie, honorary president of the Dunhuang Research Institute, once wrote that the monkey shaped man in the picture is the prototype of the Monkey King, named Shipan Tuo.

Hanuman said

Hu Shi believed that the prototype of the Monkey King was Hanuman, an Indian god monkey. Hu Shi introduced that although Journey to the West has been circulating for hundreds of years since it became a book, ordinary readers have little idea about the origin and evolution of the characters' stories. It was not until Lu Xun's Brief History of Chinese Fiction was the first in a generation that how the image of the "Monkey King" came into being became a serious academic problem. Lu Xun supported the "theory of unbranched Qi" and believed that the Monkey King evolved from unbranched Qi.

Hu Shi had a different view on this. He said, "I always suspected that this powerful monkey was not a national product, but was imported from India. Maybe even the myth of Wuzhiqi was imitated under the influence of India." Hu Shi believed that the "Taiping Guangji", which recorded the myth of Wuzhi Qi, was based on Li Gongzuo's "Ancient Mountain Dujing". The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of Indian culture, and Li's book was not a credible ancient book. Hu Shi found a god monkey Hanuman in the oldest Indian epic Ramayana. Hanuman in the Ramayana protected Prince Rama, conquered the enemies of Lenga, recaptured Siddhartha, and returned to the state of Ayodhya. After Rama's triumph, he thanked Hanuman for his work and gave him eternal happiness. Hanuman's experience was similar to the experience of Sun Wukong's cultivation of the "true fruit". Hu Shi believed that, Hanuman can be the background of the Monkey King.

However, this view is opposed in the academic circles, such as Professor Li Shiren and Professor Gong Weiying's criticism of foreign theory; Professor Shi Shuangyuan, Li Guming and other professors also denied that Hanuman said; Kim Kemu clearly pointed out after comparing the Ramayana: "There is no kinship between the Monkey King and Hanuman."; Professor Wu Quantao also criticized Hu Shi's theory: "Hanuman's theory is not credible at all"; Professor Liu Yuchen said: "The nationality of the Monkey King is China, not Hanuman at all." "Judging from the evolution history of the Monkey King, he is by no means an imported product from abroad. He is not the embodiment of an image in China."; Professor Li Shunhua also believes that: "The formation of the Monkey King has always been rooted in Chinese traditional culture."

Hanuman said that there are the following defects.

First, the Ramayana was first translated by Ji Xianlin, and Wu Chengen could not translate the Chinese version of the Ramayana in his age.

Secondly, when Indian Buddhism was introduced into China in the Tang Dynasty, the things that followed its introduction must be conducive to the spread of Buddhism and can serve the spread of Buddhism. The Ramayana belongs to the Brahmanism, which has been treated as a "heresy" by Indian Buddhism. Therefore, Buddhism is unlikely to encourage and help the "heresy" of the "Ramayana" to spread to the east. On the contrary, there will be invisible obstacles and intentional restrictions.

Thirdly, Wu Cheng'en's book shows that he does not understand the translation literature of scriptures, Indian Buddhist philosophy, Chinese Buddhist history, and the geography of the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty. He does not even know the basic content of Buddhism, and certainly cannot be familiar with the Ramayana. This shows that Wu Cheng'en has no direct contact with the Ramayana.

Fourthly, the images of Hanuman and Monkey King are obviously contradictory. Hanuman was born to respect and obey the authority of the gods; However, Sun Wukong always despised the authority of the gods. He did not obey the Jade Emperor and even rebelled against the Tathagata. He also despised the authority of the Tathagata. Hanuman is the propaganda symbol of Hinduism, which stresses class status and obeys Brahman system (equivalent to the rule of Chinese aristocratic families); Sun Wukong, on the other hand, pursued freedom and did not pay attention to obedience with the combination of Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism and his spirit of struggle. Sun Wukong pursues freedom, while Hanuman pays attention to obeying others' orders. There is no similarity between the two characters.

Some scholars also believe that the image of the Monkey King directly or indirectly originates from the Buddhist stories typical of the Six Degrees Collection, and that the macaques in the Six Degrees Collection are closely related to Hanuman, which leads to the conclusion that Hanuman is the prototype of the Monkey King. It originated in India, spread to China, and developed into the Monkey King after transformation.

Heart ape Tao body theory

Guo Jian believes that the "heart ape" and "Tao body" in the meaning of Taoist Inner Alchemy are the direct source of the image of Sun Wukong. Journey to the West was regarded as a book explaining the "Golden Pill Road" in the Qing Dynasty. From the perspective of Taoist Inner Alchemy, the source of the image of Monkey King is clearly indicated in the hundred chapter version of Journey to the West. For example, the catalogue and part of the text of Journey to the West call Monkey King "the heart ape", and the poetry in it hints: "The ape's way matches the heart, and the heart means the ape's meaning is deep." According to the existing literature, the concept of "heart ape" should have originated from the Vimalakirti Sutra translated by Kumarashi. The concept of "heart ape" has been used in the documents and literary works of the three religions from the Southern Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty. In the Taoist scriptures of Inner Alchemy in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the appearance of "heart ape" was particularly frequent, such as "Quanzhen Collection of Chongyang": "The heart ape should not let go of the bad"; "If you want to practice, lock your heart first.". "Heart ape" is obviously an important source of the image of Monkey King. In Journey to the West, while referring to Monkey King and White Dragon Horse as "apes of the heart" and "horses of the mind", it also refers to Pig Bajie as "Mu Mu", and Sha Wujing as "Tu Mu" and "Huang Po". It also reminds us that "the masters and disciples are united in one mind and strive for the West together". In Taoist Inner Alchemy, "Mu Mu" refers to the primordial spirit and the noumenon of human ideology; "Mother Earth" and "Huangpo" both refer to ideas; The concepts of "Mu Mu", "Tu Mu" and "Huang Po" can actually refer to people's hearts. At the same time, the combination of "Heart Ape", "Yima", "Mu Mu", "Tu Mu" and "Huang Po" is unique to Taoist Inner Alchemy, so the "Heart Ape" in Journey to the West is "Heart Ape" in the sense of Taoist Inner Alchemy.

Another source of the image of Sun Wukong is the "Tao body". According to the internal alchemy of Taoism, people will have a qualitative change in their body and mind after they "get the Tao" by practicing the "Golden Pill Avenue", and they will have various supernatural powers. At this time, people are called "immortals", and the body of "immortals" is the so-called "Tao body". "Heart ape" and "Tao body" are consistent with the image characteristics of Sun Wukong. Sun Wukong became a "immortal" by following the practice of "Golden Elixir Avenue" by the founder of Subhuti. Only then did he have the ever-changing ability of a hundred and eight thousand li of somersault.

Mixed theory

The image prototype of the Monkey King was created by absorbing the influence of Hanuman in India and adopting the myths and legends including Wuzhi Qi and the stories about monkeys in literary works. Ji Xianlin has already expressed this in his Preliminary Exploration of the Ramayana. He said: "I think the image of the Monkey King is basically borrowed from the Indian Ramayana, mixed with the legend of the unbranched Qi, and stained with some colors of the unbranched Qi, so I'm afraid it is closer to the facts." Yuan Ke also believed that: "In most cases, Hanuman is not only a hero of India's folk legend, but also a hero whose deeds are reproduced in dramas, and then spread to China. It is also possible for the author to take the statue of the main character as his own. It is also possible that he grew up in Huai'an by virtue of grace, while the place where the Wuzhi Qi myth originated belongs to Huaisi region, so the author gets hints to create this great mythological hero, which is also reasonable." Xiao Bing's work "Wuzhi Qihanuman Wukong Tongkao" makes a detailed and comprehensive study of the origin of the Monkey King, and believes that the composition of the image of the Monkey King is pluralistic and unified. On this basis, Cai Guoliang summarized that Sun Wukong was a hybrid monkey who inherited Wuzhi Qi and accepted Hanuman.

Miscellaneous theory

Liu Yuchen suggested that the shaping of the Monkey King might be inspired by four types of myths: Xia Qi's story of breaking the stone, the white ape who had no support Qi and plundered women, the Chiyou brothers who fought against the Yellow Emperor, and Xing Tian who fought against the Emperor of Heaven. Gong Huaiying proposed that Xia Qi was the origin of Sun Wukong. Li Guming denied that it originated from Wuzhi Qi and Hanuman, but believed that he originated from the ape, the personification of a gentleman in the Biography of Mu Tianzi. Shi Shuangyuan believes that one of the prototypes of the Monkey King is the "Monkey King" in the Biography of Song Eminent Monk Volume III, Biography of Tang Shangdu Zhangjing Temple, because the story of Monkey King's taking scriptures from the Western Regions has the main plot of the novel Journey to the West.

According to the experts in the West, the evolution of the Monkey King roughly went through four stages, the first stage was the anonymous stage. According to the Biography of the Great Mercy Temple's Three Tibetan Masters, Xuanzang once took a monk named Shi Pantuo as his guide when he traveled west to Guazhou, but just after crossing the Hulu River, he returned to Guazhou fearing the dangers of the future; The second stage is the Monkey Walker stage. Shipantuo, who has the characteristics of a monkey, was modified and processed into a Monkey Walker. In the Tang Dynasty's Three Tibetan Scriptures Collection Poetry, the Monkey Walker who claimed to be "the eighty-four thousand bronze headed and iron fronted Monkey King in Ziyun Cave of Huaguo Mountain" dressed up as a white clothed scholar, Bao Xuanzang, and went all the way to the west to learn scriptures; The third stage is the stage where the "Great Sage of Qitian" and the "Great Sage of Tongtian" are equally famous. The Jin Yuanben, Pinghua and Yuan Zaju are widely spread. The representative works Wu Changling's Journey to the West of Tang Sanzang and Yang Jingxian's Zaju of Journey to the West coexist. The "Great Sage of Qitian" in Yang Jingxian's "Journey to the West Zaju" is the elder brother of the Great Sage of Tongtian, who calls himself "Little Sage", ranking second, No. "Heavenly Sage"; The fourth stage is the naming stage of the Great Sage of Qitian. The Monkey King not only changed from the "Great Sage of Tongtian" in the Yuan Dynasty drama stage to the "Great Sage of Qitian", but also integrated the achievements of previous stages, integrating the historical real man Hu Seng (monkey) Shipantuo, (monkey) "Walker", and "Great Sage of Qitian", shaping the immortal artistic image of the Great Sage of Qitian, Sun Wukong.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Monkey Walker", a scholar in white clothes, appeared in the "Tang Sanzang Poems", which is the first time that Monkey King appeared in the text materials. It should be the prototype of Wu Chengen's creation of Monkey King. The appearance of Monkey Walker as a Dharma Protector in the process of Buddhist scripture acquisition has made the story of Xuanzang's Buddhist scripture acquisition break away from the historical prototype, and added rich and magical content to the story of Buddhist scripture acquisition.

The Monkey Walker was originally a great Luo immortal, who was demoted to Huaguo Mountain for stealing the Queen Mother's flat peach. He is a learned scholar who sincerely protects Tang Monk's learning from the West. He calls himself the Monkey King of the Purple Cloud Cave in Huaguo Mountain, who knows about the past and the future. He also knows that there is a million miles to go through thirty-six countries to learn the scriptures in the west, which is a disaster. He was able to use his magic power extensively to bring six ordinary people, including Xuanzang, to the Crystal Palace in the sky for fasting. The invisibility hat, gold tin rod and bowl given to monkey walkers by the Great Brahma King also played a huge role in the process of learning scriptures from the West, subduing monsters and conquering dangers. At the same time, throughout the process of learning Buddhist scriptures from the West, he always shared weal and woe with the mage and walked together from the East to the West. Although the "God" and "Form" of this white clothed scholar, who is known as the "84000 Bronze headed and Iron fronted Macaque King" in the Purple Cloud Cave of Huaguo Mountain, often contradict each other in name and reality, the monkey walkers in The Poetic Tales have preliminarily formed the prototype of Wu Chengen's Journey to the West. It must be noted that the three artistic factors of man, god and monkey have not been well unified in the Monkey Walker in The Poetic Tales, until the Pinghua of Journey to the West and the Zaju Journey to the West, there was a new leap.

Compared with the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty was an important link in the process of compiling Journey to the West. In this period, in addition to the story books such as Pinghua in Journey to the West, drama also contributed to the completion and improvement of Journey to the West. For example, Tang Sanzang (the Jin Dynasty edition), Tang Sanzang (the Tang Dynasty edition), Wu Changling (the Yuan Dynasty edition) and Yang Jingxian (the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty edition) all provided extensive materials for Wu Chengen's final writing of Journey to the West. The greatest contribution of the Yuan Dynasty in the process of the completion of Journey to the West was to dilute the religious color in the story of learning scriptures, strengthen the content of traditional culture, and standardize the cultural selection of Journey to the West in a form that was popular with the audience.

At this stage, the image of the Monkey King is mainly shown as follows: first, opposing the Heavenly Palace; Second, endless changes; Third, it is difficult to save people. The so-called opposition to the Heavenly Palace is mainly manifested in the relatively complete story of making trouble in the Heavenly Palace; The so-called "endless changes" means that the Monkey King can not only change into something, but also be connected with the natural characteristics of monkeys when changing; The so-called "difficulty in saving people" refers to that Monkey King can not only defeat monsters, but also save people in danger and fight against injustice. For example, in the zaju "Journey to the West", when Pei Taigong's daughter was abducted by black pig spirits, he volunteered to capture the spirits, rescue Pei and reunite Pei's father and daughter.

From the general tendency of the Zaju "Journey to the West", although it also praises the ability and sense of justice of Monkey King, it does not affirm his action against the Heavenly Palace. When the Jade Emperor sent Heaven Generals to capture him, his position immediately turned to the orthodox side of the Heavenly Palace. The powerful Great Sage of the Heaven is easy to be captured by the heavenly soldiers. He kowtows to beg for mercy immediately after being captured. At the end of the play, there was a saying: "It is a great saint who violates the law of heaven, and the criminals who steal immortal wine are not trivial. The pill of stealing should be beheaded, and the punishment of the hell department should not exceed the standard. Respect God's virtue of living, and then stop talking about greed and hatred. From now on, change from evil to good, and worship God on Wednesday." Looking at the whole play, the love and hate expressed in it is not clear. This also makes the characters in the play appear inconsistent.

The Monkey King in the Zaju play Journey to the West is known as the Great Sage (his eldest brother is the Great Sage of Heaven), and his rebellious character is quite distinct. He said proudly, "Since the founding of heaven and earth, Liangyi is my own body. He once taught the spirit of three realms Fei. The gods and ghosts in all directions are afraid, and the ghosts and gods in the five mountains are tut... It's hard to catch me in nine days, and one hundred thousand chief demons." He usually lives a free life of "climbing vines to stir up Ge when he is happy, disturbing the sea and crossing the river when he is angry". He also stole the golden pill of the Supreme Lord Lao Jun. "Nine turns of refining make you strong and strong, with hot eyes and golden eyes.". Later, although the Jade Emperor sent heavenly troops and generals to encircle and suppress him, he fought bravely all the time. If you are defeated, you will be captured. After being pushed down the mountain, you will still be rebellious. When Tang Monk saved him, he immediately wanted to go back to Huaguo Mountain.

What deserves special attention is Sun Wukong's vast and changeable skills in the Zaju of Journey to the West. He can go one hundred and eight thousand miles with one somersault, has the ability to change into three heads and six arms, and can climb the tree skillfully to "turn into a scorched borer". His weapon has also become a freely used "Health Gold Staff", which can be smaller and put in the ear when not in use. The magical powers of "fighting clouds", "giving birth to gold sticks", "scorching borers", "climbing vines to stir up the Ge", and "stirring the sea and turning the river" were inherited when the novel Journey to the West portrayed Monkey King.

However, there is still a strong demon left on Monkey King in Zaju. After Tang Monk rescued him from the foot of Huaguo Mountain, he had already worshipped Tang Monk as his teacher, but he told Tang Monk that he was a fat monk and that he would eat to my heart's content. At the same time, he is also a dirty lecher. He not only took the king's daughter of Jinding Kingdom as his wife, but also became obsessed by beautiful women when he passed the country of women in the west. If there were no golden hoop incantation, he would break the precept. When passing the Flaming Mountain, I heard about Princess Iron Fan's beauty and asked if she had a husband. At the sight of Princess Iron Fan, he would marry her and say something vulgar. The Princess Iron Fan became angry and refused to lend the fan. Although these plots are not dominant in the whole play and have not been shown in Wu Chengen's Journey to the West, they reflect from another aspect that the image of the Monkey King at that time has changed considerably from that of the Monkey King in Journey to the West.

In Journey to the West, Monkey King experienced a development process from "ape" to "man". The so-called "ape" refers to the image of "ape" with mythical color and demon characteristics. The so-called "human" refers to the mythical artistic image with human's thoughts, feelings and personality characteristics. Wu Chengen of the Ming Dynasty retained this changing feature in his re creation of the image of the Monkey King.

Weapon

Ruyi Golden Stirrup Stick: it is also called "Ruyi Stick" or "Golden Stirrup Stick" for short. It is also called "Dinghai God Precious Iron", "Lingyang Stick" and "Tianhe Town God Precious". From the third chapter of Wu Cheng'en's Journey to the West, "All the four seas and thousands of mountains are arching over the nine secluded places and ten categories are eliminated.". It was forged by Laojun himself in a furnace with nine turns of wrought iron. Later, it was obtained by Dayu. It was a stator used by Dayu to measure the depth of sea water during flood control. Later, he hid in Haizang in the East China Sea and was finally taken away by Sun Wukong and became his weapon. It can be changed freely according to the owner's wishes. When I was in the East China Sea, Doulaikuang was more than two feet long. Later, Sun Wukong adjusted it to the most suitable length of ten feet and the thickness of the mouth of the bowl. Usually, it turns into an embroidery needle and hides it in the ear. The two ends are encircled by two pieces of gold, with a section of black iron (black) in the middle, which is covered with stars; There is an engraved line next to the hoop: "Ruyi Golden Stirrup Stick, weighing 13.500 kg". There are also dense patterns and dragon and phoenix seal characters. Among all kinds of golden hoop stick images, the most common one is a stick with a yellow section at both ends and a red section in the middle.

Supernatural power

Dapin Tianxian Jue: also known as Xianmi Yuantong Zhenmian Jue. Cultivate the root and cultivate the magic formula of the golden pill. Refine the essence and eliminate evil desires. After three years of cultivation, Sun Wukong understood the nature of the dharma, gained the root, paid attention to the spirit and body, and became an immortal. The Tao is high and virtuous, and lives as long as the Heaven. Fire and water help, and diseases do not occur. Jump out of samsara and live forever. But this pithy formula is an extraordinary way to seize the heaven and earth and invade the mysteries of the sun and the moon. After Dancheng, the ghosts and gods cannot tolerate. Although staying here is good for your life, it is difficult to prevent three disasters. You need to learn 72 more to avoid.

Tumbling cloud: This cloud, twisting the mantra, recites the truth, gathers the fist, shakes the body, jumps up, and turns over the tumbling for a hundred and eight thousand miles. It is only on the road of the court that is thousands of miles away. It is said that nodding your head and turning your back are more than 800 miles away. The speed is extremely fast. You can walk 50 times in a day even on a hundred and eight thousand miles, and you can still see the sun. You can also fly back to Huaguo Mountain from the Heavenly Palace. It is praised as the first energy to cross the sea. When gambling with the Tathagata, he once wielded the maximum speed, which could turn over as fast as a windmill.

Seventy-two change: change into many things, but the body can not change when you change into a person. It can avoid three disasters.

The sky and the earth are as high as ten thousand feet, the head is like Mount Tai, the waist is like a steep mountain, the eyes are like the sun and the moon, the mouth is like a pool of blood, and the teeth are like door leaves; The stick in his hand lasts for 33 days and goes down to 18 layers of hell.

External body: people can get immortal body and change in a trance. Since Sun Wukong became a Taoist, he has eighty-four thousand feathers on his body. His roots can change, and he should follow his heart. Change from one to ten, change from ten to hundreds, and change from hundreds of thousands to trillions.

Weapon Rain: It turns into thousands of iron bars, which are like snakes flying and pythons falling in the air.

Great Fenshen Universal Divine Method: a kind of external body method. Pull out all the hairs on both arms and change them.

Flaming eyes and golden eyes: Sun Wukong's old sick eyes were smoked from the stove of the Supreme Lord Lao Jun.

Body of steel: also known as bronze head and iron arm. Sun Wukong forged the stolen flat peach, royal wine and elixir into a body with Samadhi fire. Sabres and axes, thunder and fire, poison and alcohol are all intact.

Three heads and six arms: The three heads and six arms used to fight against Nezha in the war with Nezha. It was also used under the siege of thunder gods to make them close.

Samadhi Fire: It was used to forge the flat peach elixir in the body to make a golden steel body.

Avatar: The Avatar leaves his body and goes to other places.

Immobilization method: Twist the mantra, recite a mantra, and say to the other party, "Live, live, live" to immobilise the other party. You can also point directly at the target to use the immobilization method. After that, if you don't recite the released incantation, the person who is locked in will be able to extricate himself within a week.

Stealth Method: You can hide your own shadow without any trace. Even Erlang God could not see through it.

Escape Fire Code: You can ignore the fire when twisting the Escape Fire Code. But you can't use Ruyi's golden cudgel and magic.

Water avoiding formula: Twisting the water avoiding formula can separate the surrounding waves, so that they can move freely under the water. But you can't use Ruyi Golden Stirrup Stick and some magical powers at the same time.

Move mountains and shrink land: can let oneself and others stride over a long distance.

Carrying Mount Xumi and Mount Emei at the same time can still walk fast, but they are overwhelmed by Mount Tai.

Turn the river and stir the sea: It was once used in Yingchou Ravine to stir the thoroughly clarified water in Yingchou Ravine like the rising waves of the Yellow River.

Call the rain and call the wind: I used a glass of wine to give rain in Zhu Ziguo.

The way to catch the wind: The traveler said, "Brother, you don't know that Lao Sun has a way to catch the wind." Great Sage, let the limelight pass. He caught the wind tail and smelled it. It was fishy. He said: "It's really not a good wind. The wind doesn't smell like a tiger wind. It must be a strange wind. It's definitely strange."

Unlocking method: the lock can be opened automatically.

Suspended wire for pulse diagnosis: He used this method to diagnose and treat the king in Zhu Zi State.

Make a circle on the ground with a gold hoop stick. Like a wall of iron, tigers, leopards, wolves, insects, demons and ghosts dare not approach. It can protect the safety of people in the circle.

Others: spitting fog and spraying clouds, kicking the Tiangoujing, changing stars, etc.

Magic weapon

Sleepy: Sun Wukong won the match with the Growth Heavenly King and the Protector Heavenly King. He usually keeps it at his waist. After bouncing on the face of others, the drowsy worm will crawl into his nostrils and make him nod off. The monster who knows the ability of the sleepers in advance can crack them by taking them out of their nostrils before they become effective. At this time, a pair of sleepers need to be drilled into their left and right nostrils respectively to ensure their sleep.

Life saving hair: three in all. This is a gift from Guanyin. It can help Monkey King overcome difficulties.

The Chinese people's feelings for the image of the Monkey King originate from their love for the text of Journey to the West. The description of words can naturally make a non-existent image appear on paper, but from drama to film, the audience still hopes to see the figurative mythical image. The Monkey King, who emerged from the text, should have been on the stage of Beijing Opera at the earliest. The performers of Beijing Opera created the performance style of "Monkey Opera", which is lifelike and vivid, laying the foundation for the image of the Monkey King in the past hundred years. In the future, the image of the Monkey King has always been rooted in the performance of Beijing Opera, whether in movies or on TV.

The influence of Journey to the West can be said to be far-reaching. In addition to Japan, the United States, South Korea, Vietnam and other countries also have many images of Monkey King. For the image of the Monkey King, the producers of movies and TV plays have never stopped refreshing. Unfortunately, the classics stand tall. Although various versions of Journey to the West have emerged one after another in recent years, no Monkey King has yet been able to penetrate the hearts of the people. In addition to several large-scale movies and TV plays, the image of the Monkey King also frequently appears in many movies and TV works that are made in large production and small production. Most of the time, the Monkey King is not the main character, and the directors and actors are not aiming to create an epoch-making image again. Most of the appearance of the Monkey King is just a gimmick in film and TV works. In order to cater to the audience, Monkey King went crazy, silly, dancing, singing, and never forgot to fall in love, but in the end, he became an insignificant role. When the image of Monkey King became a real consumer product, there would never be a classic again.

Literary image

Continued Journey to the West

"A Journey to the West" has a total of 100 chapters, written by Anonymous in the Ming Dynasty. The content of "Journey to the West" is the story of Tang Monk's disciples on their way back to the East after they first learned scriptures and saw the Buddha. The main characters are still Tang Monk, Monkey King, Pig Bajie and Monk Sha. In order to seize the scriptures, the demons set up 88 kinds of magic disasters on their way. In the Journey to the West, Lingxuzi and monk monk are added. At the critical moment when they fight with demons, they often resolve the problem instead of Monkey King, which also affects the creation of the artistic image of Monkey King. In "The Journey to the West", the role of Sun Wukong in subduing spirits and monsters is belittled, which affects the ideological significance of the whole novel. Therefore, Lu Xun's A Brief History of Chinese Novels quoted the miscellaneous notes quoted by Dong Shuo of the Ming Dynasty in his Supplement to the Journey to the West, saying, "The Journey to the West is lifelike, lost in restraint, adding to the spiritual emptiness of monks, especially snake feet."

Supplement to the Journey to the West

The Supplement to the Journey to the West is a total of 16 chapters, written by Dong Shuo in the late Ming Dynasty. This book mainly describes that after Tang Monk's four disciples crossed the Flaming Mountain, Sun Wukong went to his study, was fascinated by mackerel spirit, and ran into the "green world" created by the monster who claimed to be the Little Moon King. He ran back and forth to find the whereabouts of Tang Monk, the master, and explored up and down, but fell into the "Ten Thousand Mirrors Tower" in order to find Qin Shihuang's driving Shanduozi (he wanted to use it to drive away all the hidden monsters on the way to the west); Thus he entered the "Ancient World" and later the "Future World" through the mirror on the terrace. He suddenly turned into a beauty of Yu and tried to find out where the First Emperor of Qin lived; Suddenly he became the King of Hell again. He sat in the court to judge and execute Qin Hui, and worshipped Yue Fei as the third master. Then he jumped out of the mirror and had many experiences in the palace of the Little Moon King and the "Green World". Finally, the Monkey King woke up when he was called by the master of the void; When he got out of the "Green World" and walked back to the old mountain road, he just saw that the mackerel spirit that wanted to eat Tang Monk had turned into a little monk and was teasing Tang Monk. So he hit the little monk with a stick and showed the dead mackerel. The description of the whole process is full of fantastic twists and turns. The Supplement to the Journey to the West is a more distinctive continuation of the Journey to the West. Lu Xun praised him very well in A Brief History of Chinese Fiction, saying that "his words are rich and colorful, sudden and illusory, and strange. They are amazing at the time, and they are also often handsome. They are not the same as his hands." Some scholars believe that the Western Journey Supplement has the style of western stream of consciousness novels.

Later Journey to the West

"Journey to the West" has a total of 40 chapters. The book was written in the Ming Dynasty (the language in the book and the "Royal Guards"). The author is unknown. The existing version is only marked with the words "Comments on talented people in smallpox", but there is an unconfirmed statement that the author's name is Mei Zihe. This book mainly tells about the true scriptures taken back by Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty were misunderstood by greedy monks and used to defraud money. The Tathagata then sealed the scriptures, so that Tang Xuanzang's disciples and teachers could find another sutra collector to the Lingshan Mountain to seek true solutions. Tang Xuanzang found the Zhengseng Dabian, and collected Sun Xiaosheng, Zhu Yijie, and Sami. The four masters and disciples went through a lot of hardships to get the true solution, and finally achieved the goal of universal salvation. It is worth mentioning that the character of the Tang semi Ket is very different from that of the Tang Monk. There is no longer the cowardice and right and wrong of the Tang Sanzang. The book has a total of 40 chapters. Although its influence is not as good as Journey to the West, it is quite comparable with Journey to the West in criticizing the disadvantages of the times and laughing and scolding the literary talent, Lu Xun also praised the book, "The Later Journey to the West", which includes six volumes and four or ten chapters, does not mention who wrote it. In the middle, it refers to the Stone Monkey revived from Huaguo Mountain, and is still called the Little Sage. He assisted the Great Britain Monk in giving the title of "Half Ket" to return to the west, and earnestly sought truth. He received a pig on the way, got a monk, and encountered various demons, and repeatedly fell in danger. He finally reached Lingshan Mountain, and then returned. This is also the same as "Journey to the West" And writing and creating things are not as good as they should be. It should be inferred from Wu Cheng'en's poetry and prose. "

Journey to the South

Journey to the South has 18 chapters, also known as the Biography of Hua Guang, namely the Biography of the Great Emperor Hua Guang of the Five Spiritual Officials, written by Yu Xiangdou in the Ming Dynasty. This book mainly tells the story of Xiaozi Hua Guang saving his mother Jiezhituo. One day Hua Guang left the Pujing Temple to find his mother. On the way, he took over the white tiger spirit, clairvoyant eye, downwind ear and other demons. Hua Guang learned that his mother had to eat peach to survive from hell. So Hua Guang turned into Monkey King and stole peach. Monkey King was furious when he learned about this. He went to find Hua Guang with his daughter, Yue Boxing. Hua Guang also threw a triangular gold brick. Sun Wukong called out and came out with thousands of monkeys. He dragged Hua Guang to grab the gold brick. Hua Guang was defeated. Sun Wukong chased him away and Hua Guang threw a fire pill. The fire ran into the sky. Sun Wukong could not defeat the enemy, so he lost to the East Ocean. When Yue Boxing saw his father's defeat, he immediately handcuffed Hua Guang with his magic weapon, the skull. This skeleton is very powerful. Once people are handcuffed by it, they will die within three days. At this time, Hua Guang's master, Huoyan King Guangfo, came out to make peace. Hua Guang finally became a brother with Monkey King.

Strange Tales of a Lonely Studio

Liaozhai Zhiyi is called Liaozhai for short, commonly known as Ghost Fox Biography. It is a collection of short stories in classical Chinese created by Pu Songling, a novelist in the Qing Dynasty. There are 491 short stories in the whole book, of which Volume XXI The Great Sage of Heaven tells the story of Sun Wukong. In the novel, Pu Songling mistook the Journey to the West for Qiu Chuji's creation. The novel tells of Yanzhou's two brothers, Xu Cheng and Xu Sheng. One day when the two of them came to the Great Sage Temple, their younger brother thought that Monkey King was a fictional figure, unwilling to worship, and said disdainfully. Unexpectedly, my younger brother fell ill that night and got better after more than a month's illness. But at this time, my brother fell ill again. The younger brother invited a doctor to take the medicine for the elder brother. Unexpectedly, the elder brother died suddenly after drinking the medicine. The younger brother was very sad. He thought it was because he did not fear the Monkey King, so he ran to the Great Sage Temple and cried. At night, Monkey King entrusted a dream to his brother, saying that it was a quack doctor who killed his brother, not himself. Although his younger brother was disrespectful to him, the kind Sun Wukong helped his younger brother revive him from the hand of the King of Hell.

Journey to the West

A Journey to the West is composed of five chapters, written by Chen Jinghan in the late Qing Dynasty. According to the novel, four Tang Monk and his disciples went to Xiniu Hezhou to investigate Protestantism under the order of Buddha. The content of the novel is close to reality. The serious social problems are written in a humorous and funny way. The idea is novel, and the language is also humorous.

Film and television image

Dan Yizi, the Taoist priest of Canmeng in the Qing Dynasty, said, "The Tao and the devil don't stand at the same time, and when they come out of the Tao, they can enter the devil. The ape was in the Water Curtain Cave of Huaguo Mountain that day, and it was really a devil's ear. Fortunately, he returned to the Sanzang, and his body and mind became one, and then turned the devil into the Tao."

Mao Zedong, a revolutionary of the Communist Party of China, said: "① Sun Wukong is naturally a man of great personal heroism. He is regarded as the Great Sage, and the monkeys, his proud people, support him. ② The Golden Monkey rises up with the Great Stick, and the Jade Universe clarifies the Great Sage. Today, he is cheering for Sun because the demon fog is coming again."

Poet Nan Huaijin: "The Monkey King is a kind of ideology, which, with this stick, disrupts the world. It is difficult to win over the Monkey King (consciousness) and become a Buddha. Therefore, his name is Wukong. He understands that ideas are impermanent. He could not catch them, just like catching the moon in the water, so he no longer sticks to them."

Professor Li Angang of Yuncheng University: "The Monkey King symbolizes the heart, the heart of Tao, and the heart of heaven. Since it is the heart, whose heart is he? Tang Monk and his disciples are a group of five people. Together with the five elements of gold, wood, water, fire, earth, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, five viscera, and heart, feelings and five natures, then whose five elements, five viscera, and five natures are they? They belong to Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. It can be said that the Monkey King is Li Shimin, that is the most perfect symbol of human soul."

Dong Guoyan, Professor of School of Arts, Yangzhou University: "Although the image of Sun Wukong has a strong critical ability, subversive ability and obvious significance of progress, he is seriously lacking in heroism. His critical mode is: cynicism, sarcasm and self pollution. This is a double-edged sword mode of criticizing others and harming himself. Sun Wukong's main spiritual temperament, which comes from cynical and unrestrained scholars, has been inherited and developed for more than 2000 years. Sun Wukong's fighting edge and Ah Q style spirit The method of victory is all related to this. "

Zhao Xinxian, a writer in Chongqing, said, "The current nine stereotypes about the image of the Monkey King are mostly based on the hero image of the Monkey King, and it seems that they do not further explore the meaning of the image. Instead of being confined to stereotypes, they read Journey to the West." From the perspective of literary theory, we will find that the hero image of the Monkey King is just the shell of its tragedy; From the perspective of artistic philosophy, we can see that the tragic nature of the image of Sun Wukong is the essence of the image; From a historical point of view, it can be proved that the tragedy of the image of the Monkey King originated from the 'declining character' of the late Ming society. "

Deng Fushun, the director of Daqing Literature Society, said, "The story of stone producing monkey at the beginning of Journey to the West originates from the cultural concept of stone worship in China. This symbolic meaning is infused into the whole book of Journey to the West. The image of the Monkey King is a successful artistic image that permeates the Chinese concept of stone worship, and is an artistic expression of the ancient Chinese concept of stone worship."

Cheng Junyi, the dean of the field college of the famous teachers' college, said: "The story of the Monkey King, from the monkey to the fight against the Buddha, can be said to be a classic case of turning from individual failure to team success and finally realizing personal value."

Zhou Bing, a teacher of Huazhong University of Science and Technology: "There have been many arguments about the image of the Monkey King in the academic circle, but few have made further discussion on its implication. If we break the habitual thinking to read through, we will find that the image of the Monkey King created by Wu Chengen is a highly alienated tragic image. From the birth of the alienation tragedy, through the process of alienation tragedy, and finally to the tragic result of killing the heart, the whole book can be said to be the tragic history of the alienation of the Monkey King."

Xu Huimin, Professor of the Chinese Department of Xinjiang Normal University: "As a monkey, Sun Wukong is mischievous and never keeps to himself. He often breaks the rules. He runs counter to the moderation, gentleness, courtesy and frugality. His whole character is against" food, sex and sex ". He does not have any slave thought and pursues equality with the supreme Buddha. All these make Sun Wukong a mythical figure with the characteristics of the new era."