Large Leaf Gentian

Chinese Name: Gentiana macrophylla

Root class

[synonyms] Qinjiao (herbal Classics), qinjiu (Tang herbal), qinzhuo (Sisheng herbal), zuoqinjiao (Zhang Yuqing medical record), Dajiao, zuolinggen (Qinghai herbal medicine), zuozhou (Hebei herbal medicine).

[source] it is the root of Gentianaceae plant Gentiana macrophylla, Gentiana scabra or Gentiana tibetana.

[plant morphology] 1. Gentiana macrophylla, also known as Gentiana macrophylla.

Perennial herbs, 40-60 cm high. The root is stiff. Stem erect or oblique, cylindrical, smooth, glabrous, with many fibrous remnant leaves at the base. Leaves lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, larger at the base of stem, 30 cm long, 3-4 cm wide, apex pointed, entire, 3-5 veins; cauline leaves 3-4 pairs, slightly smaller, opposite, base United. Peanut in the upper leaf axils, round cluster, calyx membranous, about 6 mm long, apex with 3-5 unequal short teeth; corolla tubular, dark blue purple, about 2 cm long, apex 5-lobed, lobes ovate, apex acute, lobes with 5-pleated corona; stamen 5, inserted in the middle of corolla tube; ovary oblong, sessile, style very short, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong. Seeds elliptic, brown, glossy. The flowering period is from July to August. The fruit period is from September to October.

On grassland and wet slope. It is distributed in Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Sichuan.

② Gentiana scabra, also known as Gentiana macrophylla.

Perennial herbs. The leaves at the top of stem are ovate or narrowly ovate, similar in size to the leaves in the middle of stem; calyx is toothless, one side dehiscent, spatholoid; flowers are dense, and the apex of corolla lobes is apical.

It is distributed in Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet.

③ Gentiana tibetana

Perennial herbs. The shape is similar to that of the first two species. The leaves at the top of the stem are nearly ovate, almost equal to the size of the leaves in the middle of the stem. The calyx has 5-6 short teeth, and one side is cracked. The Corolla is yellow. The fruit is sessile.

Distributed in Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan and other places.

[collection] after digging in spring and autumn, remove the stems, leaves, fibrous roots and soil, dry them in the sun, or pile them in the sun until the color becomes reddish yellow or grayish yellow, and then spread them out to dry.

[herbal medicine] 1

It is the dry root of Gentiana macrophylla. It is slightly conical in shape, 10-20 cm long and 1.5-4 cm in diameter. The surface is brownish yellow or grayish yellow. The head of the root is formed by a single or several syngeneic roots. The top of the root remains the base of the stem with yellow fibrous leaves. There are many spiral twisted wrinkles and fibrous root marks in the middle and branches in the lower part. It is brittle, easy to break, uneven section, oily, yellowish white or brownish yellow outer layer and yellow central xylem. Qi is special and tastes bitter and astringent. It is better to be thick, thick and brown.

It is mainly produced in Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and other places.

② Gentiana macrophylla

It is the dry root of Gentiana scabra or Gentiana tibetana. It is long and slightly twisted, just like Gentiana straminea.

It is mainly produced in Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet.

Commercial Gentiana, in addition to the above main varieties, there are Gentiana straminea and Gentiana macrophylla. Gentiana straminea is mainly the root of Gentianaceae plant Gentiana straminea, which is thick, crisscrossed, braided or twisted, and is light and loose, with decayed hollow inside. Produced in Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu and other places.

Gentiana macrophylla is the root of Gentiana davurica, Gentiana norvegicus, Gentiana stenoptera, Gentiana tianshanensis and Gentiana tubulosa. Its shape is slender and small, with many differences; its quality is slightly loose, brittle and easy to break. Produced in Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other places.

[chemical constituents] three alkaloids were isolated from the root of Gentiana macrophylla: gentianine, gentianine and gentianine C. they also contain volatile oil and sugars.

The roots of Gentiana tibetana contain 0.2% alkaloids, including gentianine and ornitholine.

The flowers and stems of Gentiana tianshanensis contain 0.22% alkaloids, including gentianine, gentianine and gentianine. The root contains 0.4% alkaloids, including gentianine.

[pharmacological action] ① anti inflammatory effect

The effect of intraperitoneal injection (90 mg / kg) was similar to that of sodium salicylate 200 mg / kg. For example, pre injection of chloroquine or Gentiana neutral ethanol extract, sodium salicylate and corticosterone can reduce the degree of joint swelling and accelerate its regression. Gentianine A is similar to chloroquine, corticosterone and Gentiana neutral ethanol extract, but slightly stronger than salicylic acid. In the aspect of anti-inflammatory mechanism, it is considered that gentianine A is achieved by stimulating the adrenal cortex, because after adrenalectomy, gentianine a has no anti-inflammatory effect; at the same time, it is proved that it can reduce the content of vitamin C in the adrenal gland of rats, but lose this effect after hypophysectomy. Therefore, it is different from procollagen and can not directly stimulate the adrenal cortex. It is known that the anti-inflammatory effect of Gentiana macrophylla is realized by activating the pituitary gland and increasing the secretion of adrenocortical hormone through the nervous system. The dihydrogen of gentianine a (no double bond on the side chain) has no anti-inflammatory effect. It can be seen that the existence of double bond is a necessary link in pharmacological action.

Gentianine a has significant protective effects on histamine induced shock in guinea pigs and egg white induced anaphylactic shock in rats. It can also significantly reduce the capillary permeability in rats.

② Effects on central nervous system

Small dose of gentianine a has sedative effect on the central nervous system of mice and rats, while large dose of gentianine a has central excitatory effect, which eventually leads to paralysis and death. It has no hypnotic effect, but can enhance the hypnotic anesthetic effect of pentobarbital. A small dose can inhibit the reflex secretion of intestinal fluid caused by perfusion of low mercury chloride, that is, inhibit the dog's nervous system.

Gentianine a has a certain analgesic effect on rats, but it is short-lived; it also has a certain analgesic effect on mice (hot plate method). If it is used together with Corydalis yanhusuo and Radix Aconiti kusnezoffii, the effect can be enhanced.

③ Effect on circulatory system

The water and alcohol extracts of Gentiana macrophylla can reduce the blood pressure of anesthetized animals. Gentianine a can reduce the blood pressure of guinea pigs, and it can also depress the blood pressure of anesthetized dogs and rabbits, but it lasts for a short time and slows down the heart rate. Atropine and vagotomy can not block this effect. Therefore, the antihypertensive effect may be due to cardiac inhibition.

④ The effect on blood glucose

After intraperitoneal injection of gentianine a 150-250 mg / kg in rats, the blood glucose level was significantly increased after half an hour and maintained for about 3 hours. It has the same effect on mice. At the same time, liver glycogen was significantly decreased, which was lost after suprarenal pyonectomy or adrenaline blocking drug (dibenzylchloroethylamine), so the effect of increasing blood glucose may be due to the release of adrenaline.

⑤ Antibacterial action

The ethanol extract of Gentiana macrophylla had inhibitory effect on Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus, Salmonella typhi, pneumonia, dysentery and Vibrio cholerae in vitro. Its water extract (1:3) also had inhibitory effect on some common skin fungi in vitro.

[toxicity] the median lethal dose of gentianine a in mice was 480 mg / kg orally, 350 mg / kg intraperitoneally and 250-300 mg / kg intravenously. Four patients with rheumatoid arthritis took 200 mg orally three times a day for 4-13 days, which caused severe nausea and vomiting. Only one patient took it for 13 days, and the swelling and pain of the joint disappeared on the 5th day, and the rest were ineffective. Therefore, it is considered that the preliminary clinical application of this base is not ideal, and there are many side effects, which need to be further improved.

[processing] Gentiana macrophylla: remove impurities, remove the head of reed, soak slightly, moisten thoroughly, slice and dry in the sun. Stir fry Gentiana macrophylla: take the slices of Gentiana macrophylla into the pot, stir fry gently until the surface is slightly scorched, take them out and let cool.

[flavor] bitter, pungent and smooth.

① Ben Jing: "bitter, flat. "

② Bielu: "pungent, mild, nontoxic. "

[channel tropism] into liver, stomach and gallbladder channels.

① Tang Ye Ben Cao: "Shouyang Ming Jing. "

② "Start with the Taiyang Sutra" in the book of Materia Medica Mengluo. "

③ "Gangmu": "hand, foot Yang Ming Jing, and into the liver, gallbladder. "

Functions and indications: dispelling wind and removing dampness, harmonizing blood, relaxing tendons, clearing heat and diuresis. It is used to treat rheumatism, arthralgia, tendon and bone contracture, jaundice, bloody stool, bone steaming and hot tide, infantile malnutrition and adverse urination.

(1) Dispelling wind and dampness: it is used for general rheumatic pain, often with notopterygium and Saposhnikovia.

(2) Tui Xu re: for yin deficiency fever, often with turtle shell, skullcap.

1. For rheumatic arthralgia, whole body or joint contracture, hand and foot failure, etc. Gentiana can dispel rheumatism and relax muscles and collaterals. Rheumatic arthralgia syndrome has no new and long time, or cold and hot, which can be used in combination. This product is slightly cold, and can clear away heat, arthralgia syndrome with fever, joint swelling and other heat is particularly suitable. For those who are generally hot, they can be matched with Fangji, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, honeysuckle vine, etc.; for those who are cold, they can be matched with Qiang, Duhuo, Guizhi, Fuzi, etc. It is also suitable for stroke patients with hand and foot failure.

2. It is used for bone steaming. This product is commonly used in the treatment of Yin bone steaming hot. It can be compatible with Artemisia annua, carapace beetle, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, cortex rehmanniae, such as Gentiana macrophylla and carapace beetle powder. In addition, this product can also remove dampness and yellow. In the treatment of damp heat jaundice, it can be combined with Herba Artemisiae Scopariae and Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.

① Ben Jing: "it can control the evil of cold and heat, cold and dampness, wind obstruction, limb pain, enter the water and facilitate urination. "

② Bielu: "to cure the wind, there is no need to ask for a long time; the whole body is in a state of urgency. "

③ According to the theory of medicinal properties, "it can promote urination and defecation, relieve five kinds of yellow diseases, detoxify alcohol and get rid of headwind. "

④ "Four tones of Materia Medica": "treatment of yellow wine, jaundice. "

⑤ "Rihuazi Materia Medica" says: "it governs the steaming of bones, governs malnutrition and Qi. "

Chinese PinYin : Qin Jiao