Puffer fish

Puffer fish

(rihuazi materia medica)

[synonyms] red salmon (Shanhaijing), minnow (Synopsis of the Golden Chamber), chub mackerel (wudufu), salmon (Biography of GuoPu in Shanhaijing), Pelican fish, hateful fish, regular fish (notes of Materia Medica), minnow, chubby fish, minnow (rihuazi materia medica), puffer fish (materia Medica for daily use), bubble fish (compendium), Huyi fish (compendium of Materia Medica).

[source] it is the meat of Takifugu ARCUATUS, Takifugu vermiculatus and Takifugu obscurus.

[animal morphology] 1

It is a common species of takifuginae. The body is subcylindrical, the anterior part is obtuse, and the tail is tapering. The body length is about 10 cm. The kiss is short and blunt. Small mouth, terminal position, developed lips. There is a pair of plate-shaped incisors in the upper and lower jaw, and the median suture is prominent. The eye is small, above the cephalic median axis. The branchial foramen are small and arc-shaped, located in front of the pectoral fin. There are no scales on the surface of the body. The mucinous glands are prominent, very high, arched and branched. Dorsal fin 14-15, round knife shaped, located at the upper part of anus, opposite to gluteal fin; gluteal fin 12, similar to dorsal fin in shape; no ventral fin; pectoral fin short and wide, nearly square; caudal fin flat. The back of the body is grayish brown, the ventral surface is white, and the side of the body is slightly yellow; the side of the body is above the back of the pectoral fin, and each has a large black spot with white edge, and an arched black cross grain connecting the back; there is also a large black spot on both sides of the base of the dorsal fin, and the circumference is white. The anal fin is yellow, and the dorsal fin, pectoral fin and caudal fin are grayish brown. There are airbags. The viscera and blood are highly toxic.

Most of them live in the middle and lower layers of water. When they meet enemies, their abdomen expands like a ball. They often feed on fish, mussels, fry, insect larvae and filamentous algae. The oviposition period is from April to June. It is distributed along the coast of China and in the Pearl River, Yangtze River, Liaohe River, etc.

② Takifugu vermiculatus

The main features are: there are many white spots of different sizes on the dorsal surface, some of which are worm like. It is distributed along the coast of China.

③ Takifugu obscurus

The main feature is that there are 5-6 dark horizontal lines on the dorsal surface, and the dark horizontal lines often have small white spots. It is distributed in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea.

The above animals' eyes (puffer), eggs (puffer) and liver oil (puffer liver extract) are also used for medicine. Please refer to the special regulations for details.

[collection] in coastal areas, it can be captured all year round. In the mainland, spring and summer are the main seasons. Besides cooking, it can also be pickled to dry. To cook puffer fish, the viscera, gonads and eyes must be removed, the blood must be washed, the surface mucus must be scraped off or the skin must be peeled off, and the puffer fish should be cooked for a long time to prevent poisoning.

[chemical composition] puffer meat contains 79.8 g of water, 18.7 g of crude protein, 0.26 g of crude fat and 1.2 g of ash per 100 g. Also contains vitamin b1-20 micrograms, b2-100 micrograms.

Tetrodotoxin and tetrodotoxin are toxic substances of tetrodotoxin.

There are many kinds of puffer fish, most of them contain different amounts of toxic ingredients, and few of them are non-toxic. Different kinds of puffer fish and different tissues and organs have different toxicity, with the most toxic in ovaries and liver, followed by intestines and skin, and the meat is almost non-toxic. Even if the puffer fish has strong toxicity, the meat contains little toxin. Between winter and spring, it is the spawning period of Fugu. At this time, its meat is the most beautiful, but its body also contains the most toxins.

[pharmacological action] tetrodotoxin is highly toxic. The lethal dose to rabbits (μ g / kg): 200 for oral administration, 10 for subcutaneous injection and 3 for intravenous injection; the lethal dose to dogs, cats and rabbits is about the same, ranging from 3 to 4 μ g / kg. The lethal dose of subcutaneous injection of 50 kg may be 300 μ G. Its action is a kind of strong neurotoxicity. It can block the impulse conduction of nerve trunk, paralyze striated muscle and respiratory muscle, stop breathing and die. It does not affect the resting potential of nerve and muscle, but can block its excitation. It can be used as a tool for pharmacological analysis in studying the effects of drugs on smooth muscle and the transport of sodium and potassium ions in cell membrane. Other pharmacological actions have been studied and used as analgesics in clinic.

Sweet, warm and poisonous.

① "Dietotherapy Materia Medica": "poisonous. "

② "Rihuazi Materia Medica": "cool, toxic. "

③ Kaibao materia medica: "it tastes sweet, warm and nontoxic. "

[Guijing] compendium of materia medica: "entering foot Jueyin meridian. "

[functions and indications] ① Kaibao materia medica: "it can tonify deficiency, remove dampness, regulate waist and feet, remove hemorrhoids and kill insects. "

② "To remove the chancre, to reduce the swelling. "

[should avoid] those suffering from sores, scabies and beriberi should not take it.

① "Dietotherapy Materia Medica": "its liver poison kills people. "

② "His liver and son are poisonous to people. "

③ "Daily use Materia Medica": "scabies. "

④ The essence of pinhui: "anti. Swallowtail kills. Remove the eyes and bleed the spine. Avoid hanging dust on the beam. "

⑤ "Compendium": "coal should not be boiled before it falls. It is opposite to Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Aconitum carmichaeli. It is suitable for bamboo shoots, Artemisia selengensis and Isatis indigotica. Fear of olive, sugar cane, dung juice. "

⑥ "Ben Jing Feng Yuan": "the poison enters the liver and helps the fire. There is nothing more than this. People suffering from carbuncle and beriberi should not eat it. "

[tetrodotoxin] tetrodotoxin exists in the testis, ovary, liver, spleen, egg, eyeball and blood of puffer fish. If not handled properly when cooking, it can cause poisoning. Poisoning usually occurs within half an hour to three hours after eating. The first symptom is local gastrointestinal irritation, and then the mouth, tongue, upper and lower limbs are insensitive. The fingertips are especially severe, and gradually the limbs are paralyzed, breathing is difficult, the skin is purple, the pulse is small, the frequency is low, the blood pressure and temperature are decreased. Mydriasis, speech disorders, and eventually died of respiratory paralysis. At the time of death, the consciousness is mostly clear. The results showed that: (1) tetrodotoxin could not be rapidly destroyed in the body, and could last for 1-2 days; (2) atrioventricular block (AVB) was found in two patients; (3) degree of AVB was found in patients with deep degree of poisoning, resulting in death. Emergency treatment: timely gastric lavage, emesis, catharsis, rehydration, correction of electrolyte disorders and acidosis, oxygen if necessary. Folk with fresh olive, fresh reed root each 4 liang, wash, pound juice service.

Chinese PinYin : He Tun