Chiang Kai Shek
Chiang Kai Shek
Chiang Kai Shek (October 31, 1887 - April 5, 1975) was named Ruiyuan in his childhood, zhoutai in his genealogy, Zhiqing in his academic name, and Zhongzheng in his later life. Fenghua, Zhejiang Province, is a famous political figure and militarist in modern China. He has successively served as the president of Huangpu Military Academy, commander in chief of the National Revolutionary Army, chairman of the national government, President of the Executive Yuan, chairman of the Military Commission of the national government, special general of the Republic of China, President of the Chinese Kuomintang, head of the Youth League of the three people's principles, supreme commander in chief of the Chinese war zone, ally of the Second World War, and commander in chief of the Republic of China President.
Jiang Zhong was appreciated by Sun Yat Sen and rose up in the political arena of the Republic of China. After Sun Yat Sen's death, he led the Chinese Kuomintang for half a century. During the period of the national government, he was always at the core of military and political affairs and led China through the Anti Japanese war and the Second World War. However, his political skills and dictatorship were also criticized. His political career spanned the northern expedition, political training, the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the war of resistance against Japan, the constitution enforcement, the retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan and the cold war between the East and the West. On April 5, 1975, he died at Shilin official residence in Taipei.
Chiang Kai Shek is a key figure in the modern history of China. His political career has had a very important impact on the process of modern history of China.
Life of the characters
Early experience
Jiang zhaocong, the father of Chiang Kai Shek, inherited his ancestral business to run salt shops and died of illness in 1895. Chiang Kai Shek was brought up by his mother Wang Caiyu. He entered the school when he was young and read the classics and history. He entered Fenghua Fenglu school in 1903 and went to Ningbo Jianjin school two years later. In early 1906, he studied in Longjin middle school. In April, he went to Japan and went to Tsinghua School in Tokyo. He met Chen Qimei and others and was influenced by anti Qing thoughts. He returned to China at the end of 1906, and was admitted to Baoding National Army Accelerated School in 1907 to study artillery. In the spring of 1908, he went to Japan and joined Tokyo Zhenwu school. After graduating in the winter of 1910, he joined the 19th regiment of the 13th division of the Japanese army as an alternate sergeant. After the outbreak of the revolution of 1911, Chiang Kai Shek returned to Shanghai and was appointed by Chen Qimei. He led more than 100 vanguards to Hangzhou to participate in the battle of the restoration of Zhejiang. Later, he served as the head of the fifth regiment of the Shanghai army in the Department of Chen Qimei, the commander of the second division of the Shanghai army, and became "alliance brothers" with Chen Qimei and Huang Ying, the commander of the second division of the Shanghai army. In January 1912, dispatched by Chen Qimei, he bribed gangsters to assassinate Tao Chengzhang, leader of the restoration society. He ran a magazine called "the Japanese army". Since the second revolution in the summer of 1913, he took part in the attack on Jiangnan manufacturing Bureau in Shanghai. After the defeat, he lived in seclusion in Shanghai. In October, he joined the Chinese revolutionary party in preparation, and in November, he went to Japan again. In July 1914, Sun Yat Sen announced the formal establishment of the Chinese revolutionary party in Tokyo. Chiang Kai Shek was sent to Shanghai and Harbin to assist Chen Qimei in his revolutionary activities against Yuan Shikai. After Chen Qimei was assassinated in May 1916, Chiang Kai Shek was ordered by Sun Yat Sen to go to Weixian County, Shandong Province to serve as the chief of staff of the Northeast Army of the Chinese revolutionary army. Soon after Yuan Shikai died, the Chinese revolutionary army was disbanded, and Jiang lived in Shanghai and had contacts with Huang Jinrong, Du Yuesheng and other leaders of the Qing Gang. In July 1917, Sun Yat Sen went south to "protect the law" to establish the military government of the Republic of China. In March 1918, Chiang Kai Shek served as the director of the combat section of the general command of the Guangdong army. Half a year later, he served as the commander of the second detachment of the Guangdong army stationed in Fujian. Due to the exclusion of Guangdong military generals, he often left his post and stayed in Shanghai. He once worked with Zhang Jingjiang, Chen Guofu, Dai Jitao and other partners in exchange speculation. In June 1922, Chen Jiongming, commander-in-chief of Guangdong army, mutinied. Sun Yat Sen took refuge on Yongfeng warship. Jiang went to Guangzhou to serve on the warship for more than 40 days, gaining sun's trust and esteem. In October of the same year, he was appointed chief of staff of the second army of the East Road bandit army by Sun Yat Sen. in February 1923, he was appointed chief of staff of the headquarters of the Grand Marshal's office. In August, he was sent to the Soviet Union to study military, political and party affairs.
Power center
In January 1924, the first National Congress of the Kuomintang decided to establish an army academy to train the revolutionary army. Sun Yat Sen appointed Chiang Kai Shek as the president of the academy and chief of staff of the Guangdong general command. He organized and led the teachers and students of Huangpu Military Academy to take part in such campaigns as suppressing the rebellion of Guangzhou business group in October 1924, crusading against Chen Jiongming in February 1925, and calming down the rebellion of Yang Ximin and Liu Zhenhuan in June. He gained a reputation for his outstanding achievements. He first served as the supervisor of Chaoshan aftermath, and then served as the commander of Guangzhou garrison. In August 1925, the two training regiments of Huangpu Military Academy were organized as the first army of the National Revolutionary Army, and Jiang served as the commander of the army. After Liao Zhongkai was killed, he supported Wang Jingwei to drive Hu Hanmin out of the country. Soon after that, he drove Xu Chongzhi, commander in chief of the Guangdong army, out of Guangzhou and incorporated some divisions and brigades of the Guangdong army. In one move, Liao Zhongkai became the leading figure with military strength in the Kuomintang. In October, he led the division's second eastward expedition and completely annihilated Chen Jiongming's rebels. at the second National Congress of the Kuomintang in January 1926, he was elected executive member and standing member of the Central Committee, and concurrently commander in chief of the National Revolutionary Army in February. In 1926, he successively made "Zhongshan warship incident" and "case of sorting out party affairs" to attack the Communist Party and revolutionary forces. He successively held the important posts of chairman of the Military Commission, Minister of organization and military affairs of the Kuomintang Central Committee, commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army and chairman of the Standing Committee of the Kuomintang Central Committee. After the beginning of the northern expedition in July 1926, Chiang Kai Shek led the general headquarters to the front line to command operations. With the support of the workers and peasants, the national revolutionary army defeated the Northern Warlords Wu Peifu and sun Chuanfang. The four provinces of Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Fujian were completely recovered, and continued to march towards Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. In December 1926, the Central Party headquarters of the Kuomintang and the national government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan, but Jiang insisted on moving the capital to Nanjing, hoping to control it directly. In March 1927, the Third Plenary Session of the second Central Committee of the Kuomintang passed a series of resolutions to improve the party's power and prevent individual dictatorship and military autocracy, such as the resolution on the leading organs of the United Party, which abolished Jiang's posts as chairman of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee and Minister of military affairs. After that, Chiang Kai Shek launched the "April 12" coup in Shanghai, brutally slaughtered Communists and revolutionary masses, and "cleaned up the party" in Guangdong and Southeast provinces, thus destroying the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. On April 18, 1927, Chiang Kai Shek set up another "national government" in Nanjing to confront the Wuhan National Government. In June, Chiang Kai Shek and Feng Yuxiang held a meeting in Xuzhou and reached an agreement on cooperation against the Communist Party. Chiang Kai Shek was forced to step down in August because he was helpless in the conflicts and struggles with Wang Jingwei, Li Zongren and other factions. In October, he visited Japan to seek support. After returning to China, he left his wife and concubine and married Song Meiling on December 1. From then on, he married Song Ziwen and Kong Xiangxi to strengthen ties with the United States.
Warlord scuffle
In January 1928, he was appointed commander-in-chief. In February, he presided over the Fourth Plenary Session of the second Central Committee of the Kuomintang, which comprehensively changed Sun Yat Sen's revolutionary policy. At the meeting, he was elected chairman of the Central Political Committee and chairman of the military committee. In April, four army groups were formed with Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan and Li Zongren to march northward, defeated Fengxi warlord zhang zuolin and ended the rule of Beiyang warlord. In October, he served as chairman of the national government and commander in chief of the army, navy and air force, reorganized the national government, and implemented the policy of "ruling the country by the party". In order to establish the situation of individual dictatorship, Chiang Kai Shek called for "disarmament construction" and tried to "dispatch" the troops of Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan and Li Zongren, which intensified the contradictions with various military power factions. Then he met each other in arms, and the wars of Jiang GUI, Jiang Feng and Jiang Yanfeng continued. With the support of imperialism and the great bourgeoisie in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Chiang Kai Shek defeated all the factions one by one. From December 1930 to September 1931, Chiang Kai Shek mobilized a large number of troops to launch three successive military "encirclement and suppression" campaigns against the Red Army of workers and peasants in Jiangxi, Hunan, Western Hubei, Hubei, Henan and Anhui and other revolutionary bases, all of which ended in failure. In May 1931, Wang Jingwei, Sun Ke and others set up the Guangzhou national government to confront Chiang Kai Shek's Nanjing government. After the "September 18" incident in 1931, he served as chairman of the Military Commission, implemented the policy of "first pacifying the interior before resisting foreign aggression" and besieged the revolutionary base areas of the Red Army. He resigned as chairman of the national government at the end of 1931 and became chairman of the Military Commission at the beginning of the next year. In November 1935, Japanese imperialism instigated "North China Autonomy" and expanded its aggression against China. The national crisis was unprecedented serious. The Communist Party of China called for the cessation of the civil war and the United resistance against Japan, and changed the anti Jiang policy to "force Jiang to resist Japan". Under the impetus of the National People's Anti Japanese and national salvation movement, Chiang Kai Shek and the Kuomintang decided to adjust their internal and external policies, saying that they wanted to maintain the integrity of territorial sovereignty. He ordered a series of measures to strengthen national defense and improve relations with the Soviet Union. He tried to negotiate with the Communist Party of China, but still insisted on "exterminating" the Red Army that arrived in Northern Shaanxi after the long march. On December 12, 1936, the Xi'an Incident broke out and Chiang Kai Shek was detained in Xi'an. With the mediation of the Communist Party of China and the efforts of various parties, the Xi'an Incident was peacefully resolved, and Chiang Kai Shek was forced to stop the policy of "suppressing the Communist Party".
Counter-Japanese War
After the Xi'an Incident, Chiang Kai Shek was forced to end the ten-year civil war and cooperate with the Communist Party for the second time. After the July 7th incident in 1937, the Kuomintang Communist cooperative Anti Japanese national united front was finally established. Chiang Kai Shek actively deployed and directed Chinese troops to the front lines of North China and Songhu to resist the Japanese aggressors. He successively commanded the battles of Songhu, Taiyuan, Xuzhou and Wuhan. By October 1938, more than 450000 Japanese soldiers were killed and wounded, smashing the Japanese imperialist strategic plan of quick war and quick destruction of China. Chiang Kai Shek made a great contribution to political democratization
Chinese PinYin : Jiang Jie Shi
