Du Wan

Du Wan

Du Wan, whose name is Ji Yang, is a resident of Yunlin. Yuezhou Shanyin (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) people. Mineralogist and petrologist of Northern Song Dynasty. The year of birth and death is unknown. Du Yansun.

Du Wan has read a lot since he was a child, traveled mountains and rivers, and especially loved rare stones and treasures. In the Northern Song Dynasty, scholars searched for rare stones and collected famous inkstones. Huizong set up a "Yingfeng bureau" in the south of the Yangtze River to collect rare stones. Under the influence of this atmosphere. Du Wan has never been outside. In 1133, the third year of Shaoxing in Southern Song Dynasty, Kong Zhuan said in preface to Yunlin stone Genealogy: "Du Jiyang, the resident of Yunlin, tasted and collected his treasures, ranked the first among his products and recorded the origin of the capital. There are differences in moistening and dryness, and there are differences in showing and quality. His genealogy should be spread if it is written in a compendium."

Du Wan classified the collected rare stones according to their grade, origin, moistening and dryness, and texture, and wrote a monograph Yunlin stone spectrum.

Profile

Du Wan was born in a feudal bureaucratic family. His grandfather, Du Yan (978-1057 A.D.), took the fourth year of Qingli (1044 A.D.) as his prime minister and granted him the title of Duke of Qi. My father was also an official in Beijing. My uncle is Su Shunqin, a famous writer. Du Wan's family environment provided him with access to exotic treasures and rocks from all over the country. In terms of social environment, it was common for scholar bureaucrats in the Northern Song Dynasty to be fond of stone, and scholars were competing for good inkstones. Su Dongpo, MI Yuanzhang and so on have stone addiction. In particular, the upper feudal ruling group represented by Zhao Ji, Emperor Huizong of Song Dynasty, became increasingly corrupt, pursuing pleasure, building and collecting treasures. In the fourth year of Zhenghe (1114 A.D.), Yanfu palace was newly built, in which "the pavilions and pavilions face each other, the pools are carved into the sea, the springs are scattered into lakes, and the grotesque rocks and gullies are as quiet as if they were made in heaven, not like dust". In the seventh year of Zhenghe (1117 AD), thousands of human and financial resources were used to build Wansui mountain (Gen mountain) with beautiful stones such as Lingbi stone, Taihu stone, Cixi stone, Wukang stone, Dengzhou stone, Laizhou aragonite, etc. The feudal rulers' pursuit of various strange stones attracted the attention of the intellectuals at that time. Some of them not only love and play with stones, but also write scores for all kinds of stones, describing their places of origin and properties. A number of Yanpu and Shipu appeared. Such as Su Yi Jian's Yan Pu, MI Yuanzhang's Yan Shi, Li Zhiyan's Yan Pu, Wumingshi's Shezhou Yan Pu, Duanxi Yan Pu, Yuyang Gong Shi Pu, Xuanhe Shi Pu, Du Wan's Yunlin Shi Pu, etc. Among them, the history of inkstone and Yanpu record the stones suitable for making inkstone, which generally have a simple description of rock properties. Yu Yang Gong Shi Pu and Xuan He Shi Pu record the stones suitable for making rockery at that time. The names of the stones vary from shape to shape, such as "Yun Xiu", "Tu Yue" and "Pai Yun". among the above stone spectra, the most prominent one is Yunlin stone spectrum. The stones recorded in it are not limited to inkstones or "rockery for fun", but focus on the description of the characteristics of the representative stones all over the country. This method and writing method greatly improved the scientific value of Shi PU.

Main works

Scientific contribution

Yunlin Shipu, which was written in 1118-1133, is the most complete and abundant Shipu in ancient China. About 14000 words, 116 kinds of stones are described. The origin, method, shape, color, texture, sound, hardness, texture, luster, crystal shape, transparency, hygroscopicity and use of stones are described in detail. Among the 116 kinds of stones, there are relatively pure limestone, stalactite, sandstone, manganese bearing or iron bearing limestone or sandstone, relatively pure quartzite, agate, crystal, pyrophyllite, mica, talc, shale, relatively pure metal minerals and jade, and fossils. The stone recorded in the book has a wide range of producing areas, including 82 States, prefectures, armies, counties and regions. The scientific value of Yunlin Shipu lies in its description of minerals and rocks. For example, the description of the optical properties of the Bodhisattva stone is "its color is bright and clean", "reflecting the sun, there are five colors of round light", "or as big as jujube chestnut, there are brilliant, small as cherry beads, five colors are delightful". Bodhisattva stone is crystal, which is transparent quartz crystal. When sunlight passes through the crystal, it will disperse and form "five color round light". Du Wan described many stone colors, including white, cyan, gray, black, purple, blue, brown, yellow, green, etc. In addition, there are differences in color depth, such as dark green, light green, cyan green, slightly purple, slightly black, slightly green, slightly gray black, etc. He also saw that the color of the stone will change after weathering. The newly unearthed Lingbi stone is pale and green. "If it is exposed for a long time, the color will turn white.". Du Wan paid great attention to the sound of stones. He often used things to strike stones, some "sonorous", some "sonorous", some "slightly sonorous", some "sonorous", some "silent". According to the statistics of the author of this paper, most of the limestone recorded in the book have a sound of percussion, and some have a clear sound. Soft shale has low or silent sound, hard shale has high sound. Pyrophyllite, talc, crystal and so on basically do not have the sound of limestone. Du Wan's description of the hardness of the stone is quite detailed. He used eight grades to distinguish the hardness of stones: very soft, slightly soft, slightly hard, not very hard, hard, rather hard, very hard and not allowed to be chiseled with an axe. More than 800 years ago, it was undoubtedly scientific to be so precise. Du Wan also noticed the thickness of the stone surface, which can be divided into 11 levels: rough, dull, dry, rather rough, slightly rough, slightly rough, very smooth, clean, warm, firm, slightly moist, and fine. As for the rocks with various shapes and shapes used as rockeries, Du Wan explained that they were caused by "wind and wave impact" or "wind and water impact and fusion". He also recorded the technology that people used Fengshui impulse to process Taihu stone at that time: first, the Taihu stone was initially processed and carved into the required shape, and then "re sank into the water for a long time, washed by fengshui, and the stone texture was like living.". Du Wan has a high level of understanding of fossils. He not only recorded fish fossils and marine Brachiopod Shell fossils, Shiyan, but also clarified the origin of fish fossils, and clarified the misunderstanding that Shiyan can fly by experiment. These viewpoints occupy an important position in the history of ancient Chinese geology. In addition to the above contents, Yunlin Shipu also introduces the uses of various rocks, such as rockery making, screen making, inkstone making and other utensils and toys. The methods of stone processing by workers at that time were also introduced. In the Song Dynasty, Du Wanshi's mineral genealogy is the most abundant.

Characteristics of works

The book first shows the stone types with the characteristics of "thin, leaky, transparent and wrinkled" in the first part. The four famous stones are ranked in the top 11, even other stones are of the same kind. Du Wan's interpretation of "thin, leaky, transparent and wrinkled" has not been fully quoted. According to their views, one is replaced by "Qiqiao" or "Linglong", and the other is implied. The so-called leaky and penetrating people are also called "penetrating the air, penetrating the air, connecting the Wanzhuan and penetrating the eye"; the wrinkled people are also called "rugged, covered and hidden by the stone texture, hidden hand of the stone texture"; the thin people are exquisite and ingenious in shape rather than round, so they are naturally thin. secondly, from the end of the first chapter, it introduces the stone appreciation with its texture, color and texture, which reflects the challenge to tradition and has a broad mass base. In terms of texture, people in Song Dynasty emphasized hard, delicate, transparent or translucent stones, such as "transparent plaques". In terms of color, it is better to be luxurious, with obvious contrast and rich colors, such as xiukou stone. In terms of texture, it's better to form an image, such as agate stone. "The texture is winding like brush silk, and sometimes the characters are like beasts and clouds." Thirdly, the scientific concept of stone appreciation has begun to take shape, that is, to make a preliminary exploration of the origin of fish and plant fossils by using the geological knowledge we have mastered. The fish fossils in this paper are "broken" and have many fish shapes, which are the same as those in Xiangxiang. Is it not because of the fact that the mountains are decaying and the earth has turned into stone that the fish were born in the ancient pond Pine fossils "Qing because of Mr. Ma nature in the mountains, overnight big wind and rain, suddenly turned into a stone, servant to know all cut off."

international repercussions

The influence of Yunlin Shipu written by Du Wan in foreign countries can not be underestimated. The famous British scientist and sinologist Joseph Needham's great work "the history of science and technology in China" has a special discussion. Xue Aihua, a famous American Sinologist, studied and translated Du Wan's Yunlin Shipu from the perspective of ancient Chinese names and objects, and introduced it to the West in detail. In addition, Yunlin Shipu also had a significant impact on the stone appreciation, garden, geology, culture and history circles in Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia and other neighboring countries and regions, and is still regarded as a classic.

Chinese PinYin : Du Wan