Zhao Kuang

Zhao Kuang

Zhao Kuang (November 19, 1168 - September 17, 1224) was born in Qiantang County, Lin'an prefecture (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). He was the 13th emperor of the Song Dynasty and the fourth emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty (July 24, 1194 - September 18, 1224). He was the second son of Zhao Dun and Li fengniang, the empress of CI Yi.

He was born in the fourth year of Qiandao (1168) in Gongwang's residence and was named Zhao Kuan. He was granted the British Duke in October of the fifth year of Chunxi (1178), the prince of Pingyang in the twelfth year of Chunxi (1185), and the king of Jia in the sixteenth year of Chunxi (1189). Shaoxi five years (1194), was made Prince. Soon after, song Guangzong was forced to abdicate, and Zhao expanded to the throne with the support of Han Yuzhou, Zhao Ruyu and other ministers, and changed his name to Qingyuan.

After song ningzong ascended the throne, Zhao Ruyu and Han Yuzhou were appointed as prime ministers. The struggle between Zhao and Han was fierce. In the first year of Qingyuan (1195), ningzong dismissed Zhao Ruyu, who was the dictator of the Korean party. In the following year, it was a pseudo theory, which prohibited Zhao Ruyu and Zhu Xi from holding official posts and taking part in the imperial examination. In the fourth year of Jiatai (1204), ningzong made Yue Fei king of Hubei. Two years later, he cut off Qin Hui as a marquis and attacked the capitulators. In the second year of Kaixi (1206), Han Xuzhou, the prime minister, was forced to sign the Jiading peace treaty because of his failure in the northern expedition. On September 17, 1224, Emperor ningzong of Song Dynasty died in Funing Hall of Lin'an palace. He lived for 30 years and died at the age of 57. He was buried in yongmaoling. In the third year of Baoqing (1227), his posthumous title was FA Tian Bei Dao Chun de Mao Gong Ren Wen zhe Wu Sheng Rui Gong Xiao emperor.

According to historical records, the political ability of song ningzong was not very good. In the early period of his rule, the government was controlled by Han kuozhou, and in the later period, it was controlled by Shi Miyuan and empress Yang. He wavered in the two wars between song and Jin Dynasties. However, he was open-minded, thrifty, and good at listening to the opinions of his subordinates. During the Jiading period, the population and registered permanent residence of the Southern Song Dynasty reached the peak, and the official position of the Jiangnan Buddhist temple was established as five mountains and ten temples.

(general picture source)

Life of the characters

Early experience

Zhao Kuang, the 13th emperor of Song Dynasty and the fourth emperor of Southern Song Dynasty, was the second son of Zhao Dun and Li fengniang, the empress of CI Yi.

He was born on October 19, 1168, in the residence of King Gong. He is a rat. It is said that empress Li, the mother of ningzong, dreamed that a big sun fell into the courtyard and took it with her hands, so she became pregnant. Until the night of Ning Zong's birth, the auspicious light around the room.

In the fifth year of Qiandao (1169), it was named Zhao Kuai in May. In October of the fifth year of Chunxi (1178), he was granted the title of the observer of Mingzhou, the Duke of England. In March of the twelfth year (1185), he was granted the title of the prince of Pingyang. In March of the sixteenth year (1189), he was granted the title of the king of Jia. Shaoxi five years (1194) for the prince, soon succeeded. In fact, Zhao Ruyu, Zhao Yanyu, Ye Shi, Xu Yi and other courtiers forced song Guangzong to abdicate because song Guangzong was unable to hold a funeral because his father, song Guangzong, was still alive and changed to the supreme emperor.

Neichan ascends to the throne

< sub > see: < / sub > < sub > Shaoxi neichan

In June 1194, Emperor Xiaozong died, but emperor Guangzong refused to preside over the funeral because of his illness. The ministers had no choice but to ask the Empress Dowager Wu to hold a sacrifice instead of Guangzong. The minister also played Guangzong and said, "the prince jiawangkuo has always been kind and filial. He should stand on the throne to calm people's hearts." Guangzong immediately said, "I want to retire after a long time." During the sacrificial ceremony, Zhao Ruyu and other civil and military officials asked the Empress Dowager Wu to announce the throne of Guangzong in front of the coffin of Xiaozong. The Empress Dowager Wu read: "the emperor was ill at heart and failed to hold a funeral. He once had a royal pen and wanted to retire. The Emperor's son Jiawang was able to expand the throne."

After Zhao Ruyu came out, he told ningzong the meaning of the Empress Dowager. Ningzong firmly refused: "I'm afraid I will bear the charge of unfilial." Zhao Ruyu said: "the emperor should take the stability of the country and the country as his filial piety. Now the imperial court is worried and afraid of chaos. In case of any accident, where will the emperor be set?" The ministers then crowded Zhao Kai out of the crowd, but Zhao Kai refused to say, "appeal to the eldest mother, I can't do it, I can't do it. "The Empress Dowager Wu immediately ordered the eunuch to say," go and get the yellow robe. I'll put it on for him myself. " Zhao Ruyu immediately led the civil and military officials to kneel down and called for long live three times. Zhao expanded to the throne and was known as ningzong in history.

Party ban in Qingyuan

< sub > see: < / sub > < sub > Qingyuan ban

After succeeding to the throne, Emperor ningzong of Song Dynasty appointed Zhao Ruyu as prime minister and Han Yuzhou as Privy Council. Both of them accepted orders and appointed his wife as Queen. Thus Han Yuzhou gained power.

Zhao Ruyu, who was born into the royal family, was appointed prime minister by ningzong. He recruited celebrities and wanted to do something. However, Han Xinzhou and Zhao Ruyu did not get along with each other. He tried to exclude Zhao Ruyu, and used jingboring, he Dan, Liu Sansu, Liu Dexiu and others. Peng guinian, a famous Neo Confucianist, impeached Han Xuzhou. Han Xuzhou told song ningzong that Zhu Xi's broadness was useless. Due to ningzong's trust in Han Yuzhou, Zhu Xi was dismissed from office. Peng guinian played Han Yuzhou's "advancing and retreating ministers, it's easier to talk about officials" and "stealing prestige, not going to be a future trouble". In February of the first year of Qing Yuan Dynasty (1195), Zhao Ruyu went out to Fuzhou. Those who opposed Zhao Ruyu's dismissal were expelled one after another.

Under the planning of Han Juzhou group, song ningzong also ordered to ban Daoism and theorem learning as pseudo learning, dismissed Zhu Xi and other Neo Confucianists, cleaned up many well-known people at that time, and prohibited Zhu Xi and others from taking official posts and taking part in the imperial examination. It is known as "Qingyuan ban" in history.

Kaixi Northern Expedition

In the period of ningzong, the relationship with Jin Dynasty gradually became tense. Because song ningzong was dissatisfied with the insolence of Jin Dynasty and demanded to act according to the old etiquette, he was dissatisfied with his humiliated status, so he also supported Han Jianzhou to take tough measures against Jin Dynasty.

In April 1204, the fourth year of Jiatai, Emperor ningzong of Song Dynasty adopted the suggestion of Han Zhuozhou, worshipped Yue Fei, demoted Qin Hui, publicized Yue Ke's defense documents for Yue Fei to the historical museum, and granted Yue Fei the title of king of Hubei. Soon after the song and Yuan annals were changed, the first and last names of "song and Yuan annals" were taken as "Zhenbao". In the second year of Kaixi (1206 AD), ningzong ordered that the title of King Shen and posthumous title of "Zhongxian" granted by Qin Hui after his death should be removed, and the posthumous title of "fallacy and ugliness" should be changed. He issued an imperial edict to investigate Qin Hui's crime of wronging his country: "one day he indulged the enemy, thus causing worries for several generations; who is responsible for the ruins for a hundred years?" This is considered to be the most thorough case of rehabilitating Yue Fei. These measures have dealt a powerful blow to the main peacemakers, encouraged the main fighters and won the support of the people. In May of the same year, Emperor ningzong of the Song Dynasty ordered the northern expedition to the Jin Dynasty, which was known as "Kaixi Northern Expedition".

Before the war, after analyzing the situation, some insightful people put forward that it was not good for the Song Dynasty to carry out the war at this time, and thought that there was little chance of winning the war. Ye Shi, a litterateur, not only refused to draft a declaration of war, but also wrote to Emperor ningzong of Song Dynasty, believing that the northern expedition was "extremely dangerous". Hua Yue, a martial arts student, wrote that the northern expedition would be a "futile and self defeating expedition". As a result, Hua Yue was stripped of his academic status and imprisoned. The opposition was immediately suppressed by the court. Ningzong asked Li Bi, academician of Zhixue, to draft an imperial edict on cutting down the gold, in order to boost the morale: "the way of heaven is good, China must uphold the principle, the people's will is good, and every man will take revenge." The army of Song Dynasty first attacked the army of Jin Dynasty.

At the beginning of the war, the song army recovered some places, but because the Jin Dynasty got the wind in advance, it was aware that the Southern Song Dynasty was "going to invade the north" and had made preparations, so it immediately launched a counterattack after being attacked. Due to the improper use of personnel, Huang Fubin, one of the general commanders of the Middle Route Army, was defeated by the Jin army when he led the army to attack tangzhou. Then he was defeated by Qinshui army when he attacked caizhou. He withdrew him in a hurry. Deng Youlong, the commander-in-chief of Huaihe River and Huaihe River in the main battlefield of the northern expedition, was also dismissed because of the defeat.

Soon after, the Jin army launched an attack on the song army in the East, the middle and the west, and the song army changed from attack to defense. Under the large-scale attack of the Jin army, Zhenzhou (now Yizheng, Jiangsu Province) and Yangzhou were occupied by the Jin army one after another, and the gateway of the West Road military town, shangheyuan and Shuchuan, Dashan pass, was also occupied by the Jin army. Han Xizhou wanted to recover his defeat in Sichuan through Wu Xi, but He Dong, Shaanxi Province, made Wu Xi become king in Sichuan by secretly communicating with the golden soldiers. The war ended the following year with the defeat of the Song Dynasty.

Jiading peace negotiation

< sub > please refer to: < / sub > < sub > Jiading peace negotiation < / sub > < sub >, < / sub > < sub > Shi Miyuan's exclusive power < / sub > for details

Then came the negotiations after the defeat. For the Southern Song Dynasty, the peace talks after the defeat were short of breath. As a winner, the Jin Dynasty naturally put forward harsh conditions. In addition to offering the compensation for land cutting, he also wanted to send the mastermind of the war to the kingdom of Jin.

In this situation, the moderates in the imperial court formed forces again, with Shi Miyuan, the Minister of rites, and empress Yang as the main representatives. Empress Yang had a grudge because Han kuozhou didn't incline to her in the selection of empress of song ningzong. At the same time, she also thought that the northern expedition was too rash. Through the prince, they said to song ningzong, "Han Yuzhou will start his army again and endanger the country." Empress Yang was also nearby to persuade song ningzong, but song ningzong hesitated and couldn't decide for a moment. Empress Yang worried that if song ningzong leaked the news and let the powerful Han Yuzhou know that the consequences would be very serious, she conspired with Shi Miyuan, Qian Xiangzu and others,

Chinese PinYin : Zhao Kuo