Emperor min of Jin Dynasty

Sima Ye

Sima ye (300 years to February 7, 318) was born in Wenxian county (now Wenxian County, Henan Province) of Hanoi county. The last emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty (313-317), the grandson of Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, the son of Sima Yan, King Wu Jing, and the nephew of Sima Zhong, Emperor Hui of the Jin Dynasty, and Sima Chi, Emperor Huai of the Jin Dynasty.

Sima ye first adopted Sima Cambodian, the king of Qin Xian, his uncle, and granted him the title of king of Qin, as well as the title of general of Sanqi Changshi and Fujun. During the Yongjia rebellion, Emperor Huai of Jin Dynasty was captured by Liu Cong. He won the support of the ministers and became the crown prince. Yongjia seven years (313 years), learned that Jin Huai emperor was killed, Sima ye that the emperor is located in Chang'an, year Jianxing. United with the military forces of Youzhou, Bingzhou, daiguo and duanbu Xianbei to resist the former Zhao attack. In August of the fourth year of Jianxing (316), Zhao Yao of Han Dynasty attacked Chang'an. When the food was cut off, Jin min emperor surrendered to Han Zhao and was granted the title of Huaiping marquis.

In the fifth year of Jianxing (February 7, 318), Jin min emperor was killed by Han Zhao emperor Liu Cong. He was 18 years old and his burial place was unknown.

Life of the characters

Early experience

Sima ye first succeeded his uncle Sima Cambodian, King Xian of Qin, and was granted the title of King Qin. In the second year of Yongjia (308), he was worshipped as a general of Sanqi and Fujun.

In 311, the Zhao army of the Han Dynasty captured Luoyang and captured emperor Huai of Jin Dynasty. Sima ye took refuge in Mi County of Xingyang. He met his uncle Xun fan and Xun group, and went to Xu Ying from the south of Mi County. Yan Ding, the governor of Yuzhou, together with Shi wangpi, Shi liuchou, zhongshulang Lixin, xunfan and xunzu, the former military commander of Yuzhou, planned to send simaye back to Chang'an. Liu Chou and others rebelled halfway. Yan Ding caught up with him and killed him. Xunfan and xunzu survived. Yan Ding coerced Sima ye, took an ox cart, and ran to Wuguan in Wan county. He was intercepted by mountain bandits many times, and the soldiers fled and stayed in Lantian. Yan Ding tells Yongzhou governor Jia PI that Jia PI immediately sends state soldiers to meet guard Sima ye and arrives at Chang'an, where he asks Assistant General Liang Zong to help guard Chang'an.

On the third day of September in the sixth year of Yongjia (October 19, 312), Yan Ding and others supported Sima Ye as the crown prince, went to the altar to worship heaven, established the ancestral temple and implemented amnesty. Jia PI was given the title of the great general of the west, with the governor of Qinzhou and simabao, the king of Nanyang, as the great Sima. Jia PI crusaded against Zhang Lian and was killed by Zhang Lian. They elected Qu Yun, the prefect of Shi Ping, to be the governor of Yongzhou and the leader of the alliance. According to the system of the imperial court, officials were selected and set up.

Ascend the throne for the Emperor

On the first day of April in the seventh year of Yongjia (313), he received the news of emperor Huaidi's death and held a memorial ceremony. On April 27, Sima ye, the emperor, granted amnesty to the whole world and changed his year name to "Jianxing", which was the emperor of Jin Dynasty. Liang Fen, the general of Wei, was appointed as situ, Qu Yun, the governor of Yongzhou, was appointed as an envoy, a leading general and an official of Shangshu, and Suo Ge, the prefect of Jingzhao, was appointed as the right servant of Shangshu. On May 18, general Zhendong and Sima Rui, King Langya, were appointed as Shizhong, Prime Minister Zuo and Dudu to supervise the military affairs in Eastern Shaanxi, while Da Sima and simabao, King Nanyang, were appointed as Prime Minister right and Dudu to supervise the military affairs in Shaanxi. At that time, the royal family of the Western Jin Dynasty had moved from Luoyang, the capital, to the south of the Yangtze River.

In the third year of Jianxing (315), Emperor Qin of the Jin Dynasty repeatedly recruited the army from the prime minister Sima Bao. The officials around Sima Bao said: "when he was bitten by a snake, the strong man cut off his wrist to prevent the spread of snake venom. Now the morale of the Hu bandits is high, so we should temporarily cut off the road to Longdi to observe the change of the situation. " Pei Shen, who is engaged in Zhonglang, said, "now that the snake has bitten its head, can the head be cut off?" Sima Bao then took Hu song, general of the town army, as the forward commander, and waited for the troops to concentrate before proceeding. Luo Yun wanted to escort the emperor to simabao. Suo Yun said, "simabao will indulge his selfishness when he gets the emperor." So there was no action. In this way, the area to the west of Chang'an no longer paid tribute to the imperial court. All the civil and military officials in the imperial court were hungry and sleepy, and they lived by collecting wild millet.

Surrender to Han and Zhao

In August of the fourth year of Jianxing (316), Zhao and Liu Yao of the Han Dynasty led the army to besiege Chang'an and cut off contact inside and outside the city. In October, there was a severe famine in Chang'an city. The price of rice reached two liang of gold, and people ate people. More than half of the people in Chang'an City starved to death. In Taicang, there are dozens of starter cakes for wine making. Qu Yun smashes the starter cakes and cooks porridge for the emperor of Jin. Soon, the starter cakes have been eaten up. The emperor cried to Qu Yun and said that he was in such a state of poverty and crisis that there was no rescue outside. It was his duty to die for the country. But thinking of the tribulations suffered by the soldiers, we should do our best before the city falls. Maybe we can save the people from the slaughter. So he ordered people to send a book to surrender to Han and Zhao. On November 11, the emperor sent his servant song Chang to deliver a letter of surrender to Liu Yao. He took off his coat and jade Bi in a sheep cart. The servant carried the coffin and went out to surrender. The ministers cry and cry, climb to the car and hold the hand of emperor Jin, who is also very sad. Censor Cheng Ji Lang committed suicide. Liu Yao burned the coffin, accepted the jade, and asked song Chang to serve Jin min emperor back to the palace. On the 17th, Jin min emperor was sent to Pingyang to live in exile. Qu Yun and the officials all followed him to Pingyang. Liu Cong, the emperor of Zhao in Han Dynasty, added the titles of Guanglu doctor and Huai'an marquis to Jin min emperor. On the 18th, when Liu congdeng ascended the hall, the emperor of Jin Dynasty kowtowed and knelt down in front of him. Qu Yun saw the scene, wept bitterly, and then committed suicide.

Humiliated and killed

Liu Cong humiliated emperor Jin after he surrendered to Han and Zhao. In October of the fifth year of Jianxing (317), Liu Cong went out hunting and ordered the emperor of Jin Dynasty to perform the duties of a general on horseback. Wearing military uniform and holding halberd and spear, he opened the road in front of him. The people gathered by the roadside to watch. Some of the adherents of Jin Dynasty died and sobbed. Liu Cong was disgusted when he heard this. Later, Liu Cong took advantage of the banquet to ask the emperor to drink and wash the wine cups. When he went to the toilet, he asked the emperor to take the toilet cover. Most of the officials of the Jin Dynasty beside him burst into tears. Shangshu Lang Xinbin hugged the emperor and cried. He was killed by Liu Cong. On December 20 (February 7, 318), Liu Cong killed emperor Jin in Pingyang. He was 18 years old.

Main achievements

When Jin min emperor succeeded to the throne, it was the Yongjia rebellion, and the world fell apart. In Chang'an City, there were less than 100 families, and the houses collapsed. The imperial court had no chariots and horses, so it could only write the official title on the mulberry board as a sign. The army is no more than a brigade, with four public and private cars. There is a lack of equipment, and food and transportation are not available. Because of the rampant foreign enemies, the crisis in Kyoto, the failure of the local princes to devote themselves, and the failure of the generals and generals of the four sides to act as king, the emperor and his ministers of Jin Dynasty were in a dilemma and were humiliated and killed.

Character evaluation

Fang Xuanling et al. In the book of Jin: ① after the emperor ran to broadcast it, he only used his false name. Since the politics of the world had gone, he was not the hero of the world. He could not take it ② "He lives in the yellow house with a jade seal. Ao falls three mountains, the whale swallows nine clothes, enters the Jin Shang, the dome lives in Weiyang. The round head is full of servants, and the square toes are salty and stiff. The doctor turned his head and moved me to Pingyang. Why don't you cry when the Lord is worried about you? "

Wang Fuzhi's reading Tongjian Theory: ① "when Emperor min entered Chang'an in the west, he would die." ② "Kuang did not know that the soldiers and disciples were pushing the emperor in his name? A wise man knows that, but a fool who is impatient takes the son of heaven as his sole concern, and ridicules others for fear of depression. If he does not measure his strength or strength, he will defeat his country. How can he be saved? "

Relative members

Ancestral Division

Grandfather: Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty.

Grandmother: Mrs. Li.

parent

Later father: Sima Cambodian, King Xian of Qin Dynasty

Father: Sima Yan, king of Wu Xiao, was killed by Liu Cong.

Birth mother: Xun family of Yingchuan, daughter of situ Xun Xu.

brother

Elder brother: unknown name, killed by Liu Cong.

Second brother: Sima Xiang, his uncle Sima Yun, was killed by Liu Cong.

Fourth brother: Sima Gu, king of Jinan, was killed by Liu Cong.

Five younger brothers: Sima Yan, the king of Jiyin and a constant servant of Sanqi, was killed by Liu Cong.

Historical records

Book of Jin, Volume 5, the fifth emperor's record

Book of Jin, volume 112, the second edition of Zai Ji

The book of Jin, volume 64, the 34th biography

Sima Guang's Zi Zhi Tong Jian (Volume 88) Jin Ji Shi

Sima Guang's Zi Zhi Tong Jian (volume 89) Jin Ji Xi

Chinese PinYin : Jin Min Di