Wu Rendu

Wu Rendu

Wu Zhiren (1812-april 25, 1879), a political figure in the late Qing Dynasty, was born in Gaolan, Gansu Province (now Lanzhou).

Wu was able to read and understand, but he failed in the examination after the mid-term examination, so he served as a tutor of Fuqiang (today's Gangu in Gansu Province) and lectured Zhu Yuan Academy. Later, he was a Jinshi in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. He served as the head of the Ministry of punishment and a member of the yuan wailang. At the end of Xianfeng's life, he returned to his hometown because of his mother's death and taught at Lanshan Academy. In the early years of Tongzhi, Wu Zhiren was still a member of the Ministry of punishment, wailang, when he was in mourning. Later, he was promoted to be a doctor of the Ministry of officials and the censor of Henan Dao. He was punished for the political dispute caused by impeachment of Cheng Lu and returned to his hometown to talk about Lanshan academy again. In the early years of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, he became the head of the Ministry of officials. Later, he took poison and committed suicide. In the form of corpse admonition, he asked for the emperor Tongzhi to establish an heir.

Wu Kedu was famous for his integrity and courage in the late Qing Dynasty. He also made great achievements in Gansu's culture and education. His memorials, poems, couplets and other works are included in the complete works of the snow carrying hall.

(the source of the general picture is the sequel to the eulogy of Mr. Wu Liutang.)

Life of the characters

Early years wasted

Wu was born in Chuzhou, Zhejiang Province. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Zhen, king of SuZhuang, went to the prince's palace in Lanzhou, where Wu's ancestors accompanied him and moved to Lanzhou. Wu readability is good at learning. He has a great memory. He is good at reading and writing. He can write a thousand words at a stroke. In 1835 (the 15th year of Daoguang), Wu Ke was a member of the imperial examination of Yiwei en. However, he failed in the entrance examination and lived in Beijing for a long time. It is said that Wu Kedu lived in Beijing to prepare for the exam nearby and save money. However, it is also said that Wu Kedu was greedy for prostitutes in Beijing, so he stayed in Beijing until he ran out of money. Wu Kedu himself did say that he was "less fond of wandering, and engaged in evil affairs.". In any case, after several years of delay, Wu Kedu finally gave up the examination for the time being and took the post of county school instructor of Fuqiang (today's Gangu County) in the capacity of Da Tiao Ju Ren. In 1848 (the 28th year of Daoguang), Wu Kedu went to his post and was employed as the mountain leader of Zhuyan Academy. In 1850 (the thirtieth year of Daoguang), Wu Kedu, with the help of the Fuqiang students, collected the travelling expenses and went to the capital for the examination again. Finally, he passed the entrance examination of that year (gengxu branch) and was appointed as the head of the Ministry of punishment. Later, Wu Kedu was promoted to yuanwailang, but he didn't get another promotion for a long time. In 1859 (the ninth year of Xianfeng), he participated in the examination of Shuntian rural examination. In 1860 (the tenth year of Xianfeng), Wu readou's mother died. He returned to Gansu and was employed as the head of Lanshan Academy. During his stay in Gansu, he was ordered to assist Gansu League training. After the mourning period, Wu Kedu went to Beijing, where he was still appointed as the head of the Ministry of punishment, and later promoted to a doctor in the Ministry of officials.

The career of censor

In 1872 (the 11th year of Tongzhi), Wu Rendu was promoted to the post of censor of Henan road. At that time, the Qing government was discussing the etiquette of the ministers to meet Tongzhi emperor. Wu Rendu suggested that the ministers should not be forced to kneel down, which was approved by the public. In 1873 (the 12th year of Tongzhi), Urumqi governor Cheng Lu was impeached by Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, for his evil deeds such as killing innocent people in Gansu Province. Wu Kedu also impeached Cheng Lu, saying that "there are ten who can be killed and five who can't be delayed", asking the Qing government to punish him severely. After Cheng Lu was changed from a beheader to a supervisor, Wu Kedu went on to make an effort to "stand upright and punish". As a result, Wu Kedu not only failed to persuade the Qing government to increase the judgment on Cheng Lu, but also caused the dissatisfaction of Tongzhi emperor because of the extreme words in the memorial. Later, at the insistence of Wang Jiabi, the Shaoqing of Dali temple, Wu Kedu was exempted from capital crime and was demoted to three levels. Wu Kedu returned to his hometown in 1874 (the 13th year of Tongzhi) because he had no official to make up for. He was invited by Zuo Zongtang to lecture on Lanshan academy again. It was not until Emperor Guangxu ascended the throne that Wu Kedu was used again.

it is a worthy death

In 1876 (the second year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), Wu readen returned to Beijing and became the head of the Ministry of officials. At that time, the relationship between the late Tongzhi emperor and Emperor Guangxu and his successors had been discussed by the Qing government. However, because of the violation of Empress Dowager Cixi's taboo, it was soon suppressed and ended in silence. Fearing that the matter would not be settled, Wu Renyou finally raised the issue again in a fierce and unavoidable way of committing suicide. In 1879 (the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), the coffin of emperor Tongzhi was offered to Anhui mausoleum. Wu Rendu asked to accompany him to the ceremony. After the funeral, Wu Kedu did not return to Beijing, but came to the temple of dongmachenqiao Township in Jizhou (now Jixian County, Tianjin). Here, he left a memorial to the Qing court, that is, to play for crying, to ask Yizhi to inherit the emperor Daxing's son in the future, accusing the empress dowagers of "making mistakes again and again" on the issue of establishing an heir, asking them to establish an heir for the emperor Tongzhi; three letters to Zhou Laodao in the temple, explaining to him that he would report to an official after his death; and to his son Wu Zhiheng's "the last stroke of Fu Liu Tang" (i.e There is one "will instruction" and one "will written by Fu Liutang" (the "will") respectively, which instructs his son Wu Zhiheng to pacify his relatives and take care of his future affairs. After making all the above arrangements, Wu Kedu committed suicide on April 25, 1879 (the fifth day of the third lunar month in the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu; it is said to be March 22, that is, April 13, but it was only the day when Wu could make a will. In fact, there was a second letter to Zhou Laodao on the fourth day of the third lunar month). In order to die, Wu Kedu decided to hang himself after taking poison, but because the beam was high and decayed, he couldn't tie the rope, so he took poison and killed himself. After Wu Kedu's death, the Qing court made it clear again that the successor of Emperor Guangxu was the heir of emperor Tongzhi, and determined the specific plan, especially straightened out the relationship between "Jianchu" or "succeeding system" and "succeeding system", that is to say, the successor should be determined at the same time through the determination of the successor, rather than the successor after the successor, so as to avoid the problem of succeeding system The pre arrangement of the problem violated the patriarchal system of "no pre establishment of Crown Prince" in the Qing Dynasty. For Wu, the Qing government paid a pension according to the treatment of five rank officials, and his last wish to be buried in Jizhou was realized.

Main achievements

advise frankly

Impeach Cheng Lu

When he was appointed as the censor, Wu Zhiren had many times talked about things, which shocked the government and the public. Two of the most famous, in addition to the advice on whether to ask foreign ministers to kneel down to Emperor tongzhi (see later), is the memorial to impeach Urumqi governor Chenglu. During the reign of Tongzhi, the situation in Xinjiang was chaotic. On the one hand, Cheng Lu, the governor of Urumqi, was afraid of the enemy and allowed the Tsar's invading army to burn, kill and plunder from Urumqi, which was the long drive of Ili. On the other hand, he was greedy and vicious. He not only apportioned 300000 taels of silver to the people, but also falsely accused the people of stealing and killing 200 soldiers because the apportionment was not satisfied More than one person, take the risk to ask for a reward. On impeachment of Cheng Lu, Wu readen wrote two memorials. The first one was that Chen Cheng Lu had ten punishable crimes and five irreparable ones. The Qing government intended to protect Cheng Lu and sentenced him to be beheaded. Wu Kedu was so angry that he went to the second place and asked for the sentence to be executed. He was even willing to bet his head on it. Because of his fierce words, Wu Kedu was demoted to three grades and returned to his hometown. There are different opinions on the two memorials of Wu Dui to impeach Cheng Lu. For example, Zuo Zongtang, who also impeached Cheng Lu, affirmed Wu's previous Memorial, but thought that the latter was not appropriate. In any case, although Wu could not make Cheng Lu be executed, Cheng Lu's attempt to overturn the case ended in failure.

Remonstrance to Cixi

When Emperor Tongzhi died, Cixi appointed his brother-in-law Prince zhaitian as Emperor (i.e. Emperor Guangxu) to continue to listen to the government in the name of Empress Dowager. This was out of Cixi's selfish desire and violated the patriarchal system of the Qing Dynasty, and failed to give a proper plan on how to deal with the distinction between emperor Tongzhi and Emperor Guangxu and their successors. Guo Weidong and other scholars pointed out that although Wu's remonstrance did not stop Cixi from listening to the government behind the curtain, it caused the Qing government to re discuss the issue of succession, thus clarifying the previously ambiguous relationship between succession and the establishment of an heir, and thus "found a balance between Cixi's listening to the government behind the curtain and Guangxu's succeeding to the throne" and "eased the resentment of the government and the gentry". Through the struggle for the succession of the ruling party, the momentum of the Qingliu party, which was popular in Tongguang, was also publicized. In addition to Wu Dui himself, Zhang Zhidong, Chen Baochen and Baoting were all active. From the perspective of the general trend of social transformation, Qingliu's outspoken admonishment is more a reflection of the traditional society, and Wu's corpse admonishment has gradually become an apocalypse. However, the spirit and integrity embodied in the corpse admonishment are still meaningful for future generations.

Help culture and education

The head of the Academy

in addition to his political career, Wu has accumulated rich experience in education. When he was lecturing Zhu Yuan academy, he started from commending the achievements of the local sages in order to overcome the inferiority complex of the students in Gansu Province. He reminded the students to observe their life and explained the truth of paying attention to all questions with the poem "where can students find their literary school and where can excellent articles be found everywhere". He was also good at explaining abstract things to the students by means of image things, such as "where can students find their literary school?" Fuqiang big elephant mountain has a gentle height, and the terrain features of yin and yang are used as metaphor to explain how to properly deal with the composition of the article. Wu Kedu paid attention to using words and deeds to sharpen students' character and make them upright and upright. An Weijun, his proud disciple when he was lecturing Lanshan academy, was such a talent. An Weijun won the first place in the first rural examination after Fenwei in Gansu Province. He later served as the censor and became famous for impeaching Li Hongzhang and Li Lianying and invading Empress Dowager Cixi.

Xiangzhu Gongyuan

Chinese PinYin : Wu Ke Du