Zhang Ling
Zhang Ling
Zhangling, the mausoleum of Tang Wenzong Li Ang, is located in the sun of tianru mountain at the junction of leicun Township and Qicun Township, 15.3km northwest of Fuping County, Shaanxi Province. Tianru mountain, also known as Xiling mountain, is 783 meters above sea level and stands alone on the tableland. The mausoleum of Zhang was built in the sun of tianru mountain, 22.5 kilometers inside the mausoleum, and 1.5 kilometers from the lower palace to the mausoleum. In the southeast of the mausoleum, there is the tomb of Princess Yang Xian, which was sealed and leveled in the early years.
On August 6, 1956, Shaanxi Province announced as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units; on June 25, 2001, the State Council announced as the fifth batch of key cultural relics protection units in China.
Brief introduction to Wenzong
Tang Wenzong Li Ang (809-840) was the second son of Tang muzong Li Heng and the half brother of Tang Jingzong Li Zhan. Jijingzong was the 15th emperor of Tang Dynasty. He was in power from 827 to 840.
On October 10, the 4th year of Yuanhe, Emperor Xianzong of Tang Dynasty (November 20, 809), the empress of Zhenxian, Xiao, was born in dongnei, Chang'an.
In 821, Mu Zong was granted the title of King Jiang.
On December 8, the second year of Baoli (January 9, 827), Jingzong was killed. Eunuchs Liu Keming and Su Zuoming forged the imperial edict of Jingzong and forced Jiang King Li Wu (the sixth son of Xianzong Li Chun) to enter the palace as emperor. Two days later, eunuchs such as Wang Shoucheng and Liang Shouqian led the imperial guards into the palace to kill King Jiang. Li Han, the 18-year-old king of Jiang, ascended the throne, changed his name to Li Ang, and picked up the people's "Dahe" (Volume 17 of Wenzong Benji I in the old book of Tang Dynasty).
Life
Wenzong was polite, thrifty and elegant. He devoted himself to politics and hated eunuchs. He tried every means to use court officials to restrain eunuchs. He appointed Li Xun, Zheng Zhu and others and successfully seized part of the military power of eunuchs. He worked hard and produced more than 3000 maids and more than 1200 officials.
On November 21, the ninth year of Taihe (835), after careful arrangement, Wenzong was prepared to lead the eunuch to the Wuwei yamen of Zuojin to collect the nectar from the pomegranate tree. At that time, all the eunuchs were killed. However, due to the failure of the disclosure, Li Xun, Zheng Zhu and others were killed, and Wenzong was also under house arrest.
In 840, Wenzong got sick and was killed by eunuchs. He was 33 years old and buried in Zhangling.
During the reign of Wenzong, the court officials were divided into two groups, Niu and Li, each of which had friends and attacked each other. Officials transferred frequently, so that the emperor's life and death were controlled by eunuchs. Wenzong wanted to root out the eunuch power and recapture the political power, so he promoted Zheng Zhu and Li Xun from the lower level to be the imperial historian and Prime Minister respectively. Wenzong adopted the advice of Zheng Zhu and others. First, he appointed Qiu Shiliang, a subordinate of Wang Cheng, as the second lieutenant of Zuo Shence to take charge of some of the imperial guards in order to weaken Wang Shoucheng's military power. Then, he cut off Wang Shoucheng's military power and ordered him to drink poison wine and commit suicide. At this time, Zheng Zhu had been appointed as Fengxiang Jiedushi. Wenzong decided that Zheng Zhu would choose hundreds of soldiers to kill all the eunuchs when he buried Wang Shoucheng. In order to change the original plan, Zheng Wencheng and Li Wenxun made a bet.
Deeds
One day in 835, when Wenzong went to court, Li Xun instructed his officials to say that there was dew on the pomegranate tree behind zuojinwu hall. Li Xun said that it was auspicious omen, so he led all the civil and military officials to congratulate Wenzong. Wenzong ordered Li Xun to lead a hundred officials to inspect it. Li Xun came back and said that it was not really like Ganlu. Wenzong deliberately expressed surprise and ordered Qiu Shiliang and Yu Zhihong to lead the eunuchs to review it. Li Xun had already ambushed hundreds of soldiers in zuojinwu Yamen. When Qiu Shiliang and other eunuchs, accompanied by Han Yue, Li Xun's party disciple and general of the Imperial Guard, came to zuojinwu's gate, Han Yue looked very nervous and turned pale, which made Qiu Shiliang suspicious. At this time, a gust of wind blew the curtain beside the door. Qiu Shiliang and others saw that there were many soldiers in ambush. Knowing that it was not good, they fled back, pushed Wenzong into the soft sedan chair and carried him away. Li Xun caught up with the sedan chair and was knocked down by a eunuch. Qiu Shiliang and others fled into the palace surrounded by sedan chair. Li Xun saw the plot exposed and escaped from the capital in disguise. Qiu Shiliang commanded the imperial army to search and arrest, slaughtered more than 1000 court officials, and pursued and killed Li Xun in Zhongnan mountain. Zheng Zhu heard of the change and led his troops back to Fengxiang, which was also killed by Zhang Zhongqing. This is the change of manna in history.
After the incident, Wenzong was put under house arrest by eunuchs, and the political affairs of the country were monopolized by eunuch groups. The Prime Minister of the court is only a Clerical Officer. Eunuchs are domineering, threatening the emperor, contemptuous of the prime minister and bullying courtiers. Wenzong could not do anything about it. He just drank to get drunk, wrote poems to convey his knowledge, and sighed that he was not as good as the two despotic monarchs, King Nan of Zhou Dynasty and Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty.
In the first month of 840 ad, Wenzong became depressed and couldn't get out of bed. He ordered Liu Hongyi and Xue Jiling to call Yang Sifu and Li Jue to assist the crown prince in supervising the state. Qiu Shiliang and Yu Hong forged the imperial edict that night. They deposed the prince as king Chen and appointed Li Yan as the emperor's younger brother. They were responsible for handling military and state affairs. They took Li Yan to the court to meet all officials. Wen Zong was helpless when he heard about it, and no one dared to oppose it. In the first month of 840 ad, Wenzong died in Taihe Hall of Chang'an palace with infinite melancholy.
Introduction to Zhang Ling
Zhang mausoleum "because of the mountain for mausoleum", Xuangong chiseled in the southern foot of tianru mountain. The cemetery is nearly square in plane, about 1350 meters from east to west and 1300 meters from north to south. The inner city of the mausoleum has a gate on each side and a corner Palace on each side. Shinto is set outside the south gate, about 500 meters long, and a pair of milk platforms are built in the south. At present, the remains of the southeast, southwest and northeast corner of the city wall are the foundation sites of Que. The distance between the southeast and southwest jiaoque sites is about 840 meters, and the distance between the northeast and Southeast jiaoque sites is about 830 meters. The cemetery covers an area of about 650000 square meters. Outside the four gates, there are stone inscriptions such as stone lion, stone horse, stone man and Huabiao, which are the same in shape as Fengling. There are 1 stone lion (East Gate) with a height of 0.95m, 1 stone man with a sword with a height of 1.75m and a chest thickness of 0.55M, 1 Huabiao with a diameter of 1.01m and different edge widths with a height of 2.60M, and 2 Tibetan chieftains with a height of 0.64-0.80m and a shoulder width of 0.63M. Other stone carvings were destroyed during the cultural revolution.
Historical changes
The system of Zhangling mausoleum is similar to that of Zhaoling Mausoleum, Qianling mausoleum, Dingling mausoleum and Qiaoling mausoleum. There are Shanggong, Shinto, Rutai, quetai and Xiagong in the whole cemetery. After the death of the Tang Dynasty, the war continued frequently and the management system was paralyzed. As a result, most of the Tang mausoleums were stolen and the mausoleum buildings were completely destroyed.
In the Five Dynasties, Wen Tao, a subordinate of Zhu Quanzhong, was appointed as the governor of Yaozhou. He stole Tang tombs in the territory, and Zhang tombs were among them. This is one of the biggest acts of theft, excavation and destruction, and has been denounced as a sinner through the ages. In the Five Dynasties, Emperor Zhuang Zong of the Tang Dynasty ordered to repair the tombs of the Tang Dynasty in the third year of Tongguang (925 AD) and restore the system of guarding the tombs and offering sacrifices at the fourth hour.
In 970 A.D., Emperor Taizu of the Northern Song Dynasty ordered Guanzhong prefectures to bury the newly made coffins of the 27 mausoleums of Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties, including Zhang mausoleum. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Bi Yuan was the governor of Shaanxi Province. He paid more attention to the historical sites in the province, repaired the tombs of the Tang Dynasty, and recruited tomb owners to build walls for protection. However, in the long history, the protection and maintenance are always better than the natural and man-made destruction, so that the damage of Zhangling and Fengling is the most serious in the eighteen mausoleums of Tang Dynasty.
It was not until after the founding of new China that the protection of Zhangling was paid attention to. In 1956, it was announced as the first batch of provincial key cultural relics protection units by Shaanxi Provincial People's government. Later, in the "Cultural Revolution", it suffered another serious damage. Xuangong Xiandao was bombed, and the stone strips were dug out, leaving a mess. The site of the palace was eroded by cultivated land, the stone carvings were smashed, and the stele tower was demolished. It was not until the reform and opening up that the cultural relics departments of governments at all levels began to take serious protection measures.
In 1992, the people's Government of Shaanxi Province announced the three-level protection scope of Zhangling, namely key protection area, general protection area and construction control area.
In 1995, the Zhangling Cultural Relics Preservation Center was established and a mass protection organization was established.
In 2001, it was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit, and various protection measures were implemented. The survey was strongly supported by the County Cultural Relics Bureau and Zhangling cultural management office. Through consulting materials, visiting the masses, inspecting various facilities and sites, and actual surveying and mapping, we have a basic understanding of the ground and underground cultural relics in Zhangling mausoleum area.
Mausoleum layout
Shanggong includes Xuangong, yamen hall, four walls, jiaoque and Shenmen.
Xuangong
Zhanglingxuan palace is located in the south slope of tianru mountain. Referring to other construction systems of mausoleum based on mountains, Xiandao was first excavated on the slope, and then Longdao (or tunnel) was excavated from the north end of Xiandao to the mountainside. Multiple xuanque (stone gate) was built in Longdao, and then Palace (main bedroom), side room and convenient room were built at the back. Today's Lingxian road was seriously damaged. In the 1970s, quarrymen used explosives to blast. Seventy or eighty pieces of stones were blasted from the original road. The scene was in a mess. It is said that the quarryers have transported more than 30 pieces of stone, and there are still 40 or 50 pieces piled up at the site. Each stone is 80 cm long, 25-33 cm wide and 60-65 cm thick. The exposed Xiandao is about 20 meters long, and the blasting point is close to the Longdao crossing. The situation is not known because of no excavation.
Yamen Hall
The location of Zhangling yamen hall is the same as that of its ancestors. They are all located on the gentle slope or flat ground to the south of Xuangong, but the distance from Xuangong varies with the terrain. There are eighteen Mausoleums in Guanzhong in Tang Dynasty, but Xianling and Zhaoling in early Tang Dynasty not only have Yamen in nansimamen, but also have bedchamber in beisimamen (Xianling is called bedchamber). The purpose of Yamen hall is the same as that of bedroom hall
Chinese PinYin : Zhang Ling
Zhang Ling
