Han Pingdi

Liu Heng

Liu Zhen (February 3, 9-6 B.C.), formerly known as Liu Jizi, was the grandson of emperor yuan of Han Dynasty, the son of emperor Xiaowang of Zhongshan, and mother Weiji, the 14th emperor of Western Han Dynasty.

After the death of emperor AI of the Han Dynasty on June 27th, the second year of Yuanshou (August 15th, 1 BC), Wang Mang refused to establish a long-term monarch for the convenience of exercising power. In July of that year, Liu Heng, a 9-year-old king of Zhongshan, was admitted to the palace and ascended to the throne on October 17th, 1 BC. The next year, the Yuan Dynasty began. In December of the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (in fact, there was no such day in December), Liu Zhen died. He was said to have been poisoned by Wang Mang. After his death, Liu Zhen was buried in Kangling (now 25 Li west of Xianyang, Shaanxi).

Life experience

Early experience

Liu Xun, formerly known as Liu Jizi, is the grandson of Liu Xun, emperor yuan of Han Dynasty, and the son of Liu Xing, king of filial piety in Zhongshan. Liu's mother, Wei Ji, is the daughter of Wei Zihao, the elder brother of Wei Jieyu, the concubine of Emperor Xuan of Han Dynasty.

On the 9th of August in the first year of Suihe (8 B.C.), Liu Xing, the filial king of Zhongshan, died. In the second year of Suihe (7 BC), Liu Heng, who was only three years old, succeeded to the throne of Zhongshan.

Succeeding to the throne

On the fifth day of June 27th in the second year of Yuanshou (August 15th in the first year BC), Emperor AI of the Han Dynasty Liu Xin died. The Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun issued an imperial edict, saying: "the great Sima Dong Xian is young and does not conform to the people's wishes. The seal ribbon shall be returned and his official post revoked. " Dong Xian committed suicide that day. Wang Mang, the Marquis of the new capital, was the chief minister.

In July of the second year of Yuanshou (1 B.C.), Wang Shun, a general of motorcycles, and Zuoxian envoys of dahonglu were sent to greet Liu Heng, the king of Zhongshan. On July 30, Zhao Feiyan, the Empress Dowager of the Han Dynasty, was demoted as empress Xiaocheng and retired to Beigong. Fu, the empress of emperor AI of the Han Dynasty, retired to Guigong. Fu Yan, the Marquis of kongxiang, Dong Gong and others were removed from office and moved to Hepu.

On the first day of Xinyou in September of the second year of Yuanshou (October 17, 1 BC), Liu Heng was the emperor, who paid a visit to Gaozu temple and granted amnesty to the whole world. Take the following year (AD 1) as the first year.

When Hanping emperor succeeded to the throne, he was only nine years old. The empress dowager, Wang Zhengjun, listened to the government behind the curtain. The great Sima Wang Mang was in charge of the state affairs. All officials gathered in the East Hall of the imperial court to listen to Wang Mang's instructions. The imperial edict said: "every time the Imperial Court issues an amnesty order, it intends to start over with the whole world and sincerely hope that the people can change their minds to save their character and life. In the past, when the officials concerned were sentencing, they often mentioned the faults committed before the amnesty order again, which increased the crimes of the offenders and even trapped innocent people. It goes against the original intention that the imperial court issued the amnesty order in order to re believe the cautious punishment and hope the guilty people to clean their hearts. For the recommended talents, because he had made some mistakes in history and thought that they could not be trusted, he abandoned them and did not recommend them. This is a complete departure from Confucius' principle of "pardoning minor faults and promoting talents". There is no need to investigate those who have been recommended for economic and moral mistakes but who have not been reported. In order to encourage talents to focus on the pursuit of progress, not because of small defects and hinder a rare talent. From now on, officials of relevant institutions will not have to report the mistakes they committed before they were pardoned. Those who do not comply with the imperial edict will be punished for violating the imperial edict. He wrote this order and announced it to the world so that he would know what happened. "

Later, the officials said that the great Sima Wang Mang was as noble as king Cheng of Zhou Gongfu. He was given the title of an Han Gong, and granted the imperial Master Kong Guang a rank of nobility. Officials are more than 200 stones in office, and those whose probation period is not over are regarded as full.

Juvenile death

In December of the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (in fact, there was no such day in December), Liu Chen died in Weiyang palace. The cause of his death was controversial. At the age of 14, he was named emperor Xiaoping and buried in Kangling (now 25 Li west of Xianyang, Shaanxi). After Wang Mang claimed the title of emperor, he added the temple name to Yuanzong, and Liu Xiu removed the temple name.

Political initiatives

Politics

In the first month of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1), it was ordered that all princes, princes, liehou, guanneihou, etc., who had no sons and had grandchildren or sons with brothers, could be heirs to the title. If the heir of a duke or a marquis is guilty of shaving his head or more, he must first consult the court. Those who are listed in the imperial genealogy of the Liu clan and are expelled from the clan for crimes shall be restored to their nationality.

In February of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1), the Xihe official in charge of the sequence of yin and Yang was set up with a salary of 2000 stones, and the waishi and lvshi were set up with a salary of 600 stones.

In June of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1), there were one Haicheng and one Guocheng in Shaofu, and thirteen Chengs in Dasinong County, each in charge of a prefecture, to encourage the development of agriculture and mulberry.

Economics

In the second year of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (Ad 2), drought and locust plagues occurred in all prefectures, among which Qingzhou was the most serious, and people fled everywhere. In order to help the people solve their difficulties, 230 people donated their houses and land, which were distributed to the poor according to their population. After the county paid for the locust fighting, the government sent tens of thousands of people who were dissatisfied with the amount of money to kill locusts. The patients among the victims were placed in the donated houses for medical treatment. Five thousand for the family of the dead, three thousand for the family of four, and two thousand for the family of two. The stable huchiyuan was abolished and changed into an'min county. The government office and housing were set up. The poor were recruited to move here, and the county officials gave food rations. After the poor moved to their houses, the government allocated land and tools to them, and lent them ploughs, cattle, seeds and rations. In the middle of Chang'an City, 200 residential areas were built for the poor to live in.

administration

In the fourth year of the first year (AD 4), Xihai county was set up, and the prisoners from all over the world were moved to live here. The capital was divided into two parts, the former Huiguang county and the latter Chenglie county. The names of the twelve prefectures were changed and the boundaries of the prefectures were divided.

Culture

In June of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1), Gongsun Xiangru, the descendant of Duke Zhou, was the Marquis of Baolu, and Confucius, the descendant of Confucius, was the Marquis of Baocheng. Offering sacrifices to the Duke of Zhou and Confucius.

In the fourth year of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 4), Wang Yun, the imperial servant, and other eight people were sent together as deputy envoys to follow the orders of the imperial court and observe the customs.

In the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 5), Zheng Tianxia, who was proficient in Yijing, Guji, astronomy, calendar, Zhonglu, primary school, history, Fangshu, materia medica and professors of Wujing, Lunyu, Xiaojing and Erya, was sent to the capital by coach. Thousands of people went to the capital.

Historical evaluation

Mausoleum site

Emperor Hanping was buried in Kangling after his death. Kangling is located in Dazhai village, ZhouLing Township, Weicheng District, 7.5km north of Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province. It is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shaanxi Province. Kangling is 216 meters from east to west, 209.7 meters from north to South and 30.6 meters high. Empress Hanping was buried 500 meters southeast of Kangling.

Family members

grandparent

Grandfather: Emperor yuan of Han Dynasty

Grandmother: Zhaoyi Feng Yuan (Empress Dowager of Zhongshan)

parent

Father: Liu Xing, king of filial piety in Zhongshan

Mother: Wei Ji

sisters

Xiuyijun Liu yechen

Cheng Li Jun Liu Zai pi

Zundejun Liu Zhuzi

wife

Empress Wang of Xiaoping (also known as Huang Royal Master), daughter of Prince Wang Mang of Han Dynasty.

Dispute over the cause of death

In Hanshu · Pingdi Ji, only the place and time of his death are recorded, but it does not record that Pingdi was poisoned. The imperial edict of the empress dowager, which was included in the imperial edict, described the illness of emperor Ping, saying: "the emperor is benevolent and merciful. Every time the patient gets sick, his Qi will flow upward and he can't speak, so it's too late to have an edict. " The biography of Wang Mang in the book of Han records that Pingdi died of illness. When Pingdi was ill, Wang Mang followed the example of Duke Zhou and expressed his willingness to die instead of Pingdi. Later, Wang Mang's attempt to become emperor was gradually exposed. Zhai Yi supported Liu Xin to fight for the emperor, and issued a proclamation to all localities, claiming that emperor Hanping was poisoned, which made all localities waver. After Wang Mang usurped the throne, this statement was put forward by the rebels. Therefore, in the fourth year of emperor Dihuang (A.D. 23), Wang Mang showed the officials his strategy when Emperor Ping was ill. However, the specific way that the anti mang forces said that "Wang Mang poisoned Pingdi" was not recorded by Ban Gu in the biography.

Yan shigu's annotation for Hanshu Pingdi Ji includes the process of Pingdi's being poisoned provided by Han Dynasty people's annotation: hanpingdi grew up gradually, and was dissatisfied with Wang Mang because of his mother Weiji; Wang Mang knew that his relationship with handi had deteriorated, so he poisoned the pepper wine when he offered it to hanpingdi on the twelfth day, which resulted in hanpingdi's poisoning and death. Zizhi Tongjian also adopted the theory that Wang Mang poisoned Pingdi in Pepper wine.

Later generations have different views on this issue. Lu Bi believes that: the Hanshu records that emperor Ping was buried in Kangling, but does not record the specific burial time, it is precisely because the death of emperor Ping is unusual; according to the writing method of spring and autumn, the historian can not bear to write that the emperor was murdered, so he changed his style slightly. However, the Cambridge History of Qin and Han Dynasties holds that there is no evidence to confirm or deny the accusation of Wang Mang's regicide. However, the book also lists circumstantial evidence such as the fact that Ping Di gang and Wang Mang's daughter were not married long ago, that Wang Mang was young, that Wang Mang did not necessarily want to usurp the Han Dynasty at that time, and that Wang Mang was at risk of regicide. According to these circumstantial evidence, Wang Mang is inclined to be innocent.

Historical records

Ban Gu's Hanshu (Volume 12) is Pingdi Ji 12 (volume 99), and Wang Mang Zhuan 69 (volume 99);

Sima Guang's Zi Zhi Tong Jian Volume 35 Han Ji 27, Volume 36 Han Ji 28.

Film and television image

In 1990, Huang Xianglian played emperor Hanping in the TV Gezai drama romance of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Chinese PinYin : Han Ping Di