Lu Jiuyuan

Lu Jiuyuan

Lu Jiuyuan (March 26, 1139 - January 18, 1193) was born in Jinxi, Fuzhou (now Jinxi County, Jiangxi Province). He was a member of the Jiangyou ethnic group of the Han nationality. Minister, philosopher and representative of Lu Wang's theory of mind in Southern Song Dynasty. He taught in Xiangshan academy and was known as "Mr. Xiangshan" and "Lu Xiangshan".

In 1172, Emperor Xiaozong of the Song Dynasty, he was a Jinshi and a master of Jing'an. Feeling the change of Jingkang, I visited the warriors all over the world and discussed the restoration of the Central Plains. In the 13th year of Chunxi (1186), Emperor Xiaozong's strategy of governing the country was carried out, and he was given the general as a supervisor. Wang Xin refuted it and advocated Taizhou's view of advocating Taoism. He returned to his hometown and lived in Xiangshan Academy. In the second year of Shaoxi's reign (1191), he was promoted to the rank of commander of the Jingmen army. In December 1193, Lu Jiuyuan died at the age of 54. Jiading ten years (1217), after Shi "Wen'an.".

Lu Jiuyuan was the founder of "Xinxue" in song and Ming Dynasties, as well as Zhu Xi. Lu Jiuyuan advocated the theory of "mind is reason", "original mind of invention", "respect for virtue", "be a man", "practice" and so on. He said that "the universe is my heart, and my heart is the universe" and "to learn the essence, the six classics are all my footnotes". Inheriting Confucius and Mencius and enlightening Wang Shouren, Lu Wang school was formed, which had a great impact on the ideological and social changes not only in China, but also in Japan, South Korea, Singapore and other countries. He is the author of the complete works of Mr. Xiangshan.

(overview chart source)

Life of the characters

be erudite through paternal teaching and influence

On February 26, 1139, Lu Jiuyuan was born in a feudal family where nine generations lived together. Lu Xisheng, his eighth ancestor, was the Prime Minister of Tang Zhaozong. At the end of the Five Dynasties, he moved to Jinxi to avoid war. So he bought land to make a living and became a rich family. After several generations of changes, when Lu Jiuyuan was born, his family was in decline, with only about 10 acres of vegetable fields, a pharmacy and a school. But even so, lumen still retains the demeanor of the patriarchal clan.

Lu has a family origin. Lu Xisheng, the eighth ancestor of Lu Jiuyuan, wrote a lot of works. Lu Youcheng, the great ancestor of Gao, was very knowledgeable and read many books. In Lu he's generation, Lu Jiuyuan's father, although his family had declined and only relied on medicine and teaching to maintain his family, he was still respected by the villagers because of his good family style. He once carried out the ceremony of crowning, marriage and funeral as mentioned in Sima's calligraphy. Lu's family style was well-known in the state and even praised by the emperor Xiaozong.

Lu men's family governance relies on the strict implementation of patriarchal ethics, and at the same time, it also relies on the family members to play their own enthusiasm and initiative, to do their best and to serve their own duties. Born in such a family atmosphere, he was influenced from childhood and became a housekeeper himself when he grew up. This kind of life experience had a great influence on Lu Jiuyuan's sense of participation in the society and the country.

When Lu Jiuyuan was born, his father planned to let the villagers adopt him because he had many sons. His eldest brother Lu Jiusi's wife happened to have a son. Lu Jiusi ordered his wife to nurse him and gave his son to others. Lu Jiuyuan later served his brother and sister-in-law as his parents. Lu Jiuyuan was intelligent and studious when he was young. He liked to ask questions and put forward his own opinions. When he was three or four years old, he asked his father how heaven and earth were exhausted. His father laughed but did not answer, so he thought hard day and night. When I grew up reading ancient books and explaining the word "universe", I finally understood the mystery. When he first read the Analects of Confucius, he doubted Youzi's words. By the time he was 13, he had come to the conclusion that "Confucius' words were simple and clear, and some others were messy and unwritten".

Lecture at home

In the autumn of the seventh year of Qiandao (1171), Lu Jiuyuan, 33, took part in the imperial examination with the book of changes as the main content. After passing the examination, he went to Lin'an, the capital of the bank, to attend the provincial examination of the Ministry of rites in the next spring. During the provincial examination, Lu Jiuyuan was praised by the examiner LV Zuqian for his answers to the three volumes of "Yi", "Lun" and "CE". When LV Zuqian left, he told Zhao Ruyu and you Mao that "the most learned papers must come from Lu Zijing in Jiangxi Province, and such talents must not be missed."

In the eighth year of Qiandao (1172), 34 year old Lu Jiuyuan passed the entrance examination. At this time, Zhejiang students came to visit him one after another, and his disciple Yang Jianyi joined in. In July, when Lu Jiuyuan returned to his hometown Jinxi, more and more people came to study in his hometown. He turned the Huaitang hall in dongpianfang, his former residence, into a lecture hall and began to teach students. In addition to a few short lectures and visits, he spent most of his time teaching and educating in Huaitang. During the period, he was the main book of Jing'an (Jing'an county) of Longxing County, and later adjusted Jianning Fu Chongan (now Fujian Chong an) county master book, but he did not take office in Jiangxi.

Ups and downs of official career

In the autumn of the ninth year of Chunxi (1182), Lu Jiuyuan was awarded the real post of guozizheng because of the recommendation of the Chamberlain. So he came to Lin'an, the capital of the industry, and began a new teaching and political career. At the beginning of his term of office, he had frequent social activities and almost no leisure time. Lu Jiuyuan, who had always been a scholar, didn't like it. He didn't adapt to the meaningless personnel exchanges. Therefore, he quickly devoted himself to his practical work. On August 17, he went to Taixue to give a lecture and first talked about the six chapters of the spring and Autumn Annals. The first chapter takes the title of "the Chu people destroyed Shu Liao" in the eighth year of Xuangong of Lu Dynasty (601 BC) as the starting point to explain his own division of Hua Yi: "Hua Xia Yi Di can not be compared with each other, China is expensive but Yi Di is cheap. What is valuable in China is the cultural tradition of the land of propriety and righteousness. The reason why the barbarians were "cheap" was that they did not know the propriety and righteousness, but relied on barbaric force to invade. Therefore, even if they were "prosperous and strong", they would not be able to deal with the propriety and righteousness in the end. This is the great worry of the saints. " Lu Jiuyuan's comments include his experience and feelings about the political situation of the Southern Song Dynasty: facing the situation of the court's gradual silence of the call for civil and military entertainment and the recovery of lost territory, Lu Jiuyuan was deeply worried. He hoped to use his lecture opportunity to publicize to the students the distinction between Chinese and barbarians and the value of China, so as to encourage the students' patriotic feelings, In order to stimulate their enthusiasm for recovering the lost land.

In February, July and November of the next year, Lu Jiuyuan went to the podium of Sinology for three times and gave a total of 18 chapters of the spring and Autumn Annals. He continued the thought of Hua Yi and Li Yi in his first lecture and selected relevant chapters to further clarify his "Li Yi" viewpoint. It is believed that the ancient sages formulated various systems of rites, music and punishment in order to maintain the moral order of the son of heaven, the hierarchical system of the order of honor and inferiority, and the ethical tradition of "the state of rites and justice".

After one year and three months in the Imperial College, Lu Jiuyuan moved to the imperial Bureau in the winter of the tenth year of Chunxi (1183) and was responsible for compiling, revising and managing imperial edicts. Working here gave Lu Jiuyuan an opportunity to learn about the policies of the emperor and the imperial court on all aspects of state affairs, as well as the behavior and measures of local officials.

In 1184, Lu Jiuyuan had the opportunity to meet Xiaozong. When Lu Jiuyuan was 16 years old, he read the history of the Three Kingdoms and the Six Dynasties. He felt that the barbarians and the barbarians were in chaos at that time. Later, he listened to his elders about the changes in Jingkang. Since he was a teenager, he had great ambition to restore the "two Saints" and the Central Plains, but he did not have the opportunity to do so. At the same time, he had the opportunity to face Xiaozong, the "bright Lord", so he wrote five pieces of notes to express his ideals and political opinions on the situation of the imperial court to Xiaozong: the first one is about the way to get along with monarchs and ministers. He pointed out that Xiaozong was not expert in employing people, had many suspicions, and could not be unified between monarchs and ministers. Therefore, "after 20 years of the reign of emperor, the territory did not return, the hatred and shame did not return, and it was a matter of life gathering together to teach a lesson." However, the government is shameless, and the people are shameless. Therefore, Lu Jiuyuan encouraged the emperor Xiaozong to seek talents, based on the great plan of rejuvenating the country; second, Lu Jiuyuan put forward the fundamental principle of political or political way, that is, to have the will to seek Tao. Lu Jiuyuan advocated the peaceful governance of the three generations in ancient times, and the core of the governance of the three generations was "Tao". Only by knowing "Tao" can we understand the responsibility of the monarch. At the beginning, he flattered Xiaozong and encouraged his ambition. But then he pointed out that only by following the "Tao" can we finally receive the so-called "governance". Therefore, he proposed to Xiaozong that he should make great efforts to govern, so as to recover the "initial ambition" of the central plains; third, Lu Jiuyuan devoted himself to the problem of knowing people. At the beginning, he made knowing people the most important thing in the world. Guan Zhong, Han Xin, Lu Xun and Zhuge Liang were known by Uncle Bao, Xiao He, LV Meng and Xu Shu when they were poor. They were also used by Duke Huan of Qi, Emperor Gaozu of Han, Sun Quan and Liu Bei, and finally achieved great success. So he advised Xiaozong to know the reason of people and the way of using people. Fourth, Lu Jiuyuan confessed his views on the law of governance and the degree of governance. The purpose of Lu Jiuyuan's theory of mind is that as long as he has the heart to seek Tao, there will be things to seek Tao. Therefore, he advised Xiaozong to set his ambition as early as possible, but he also advocated that he should not act too hastily, but step by step. In addition, Wang Anshi's sudden change into law led to fierce opposition. Therefore, he proposed that the administration of Xiaozong should be "gradual but not sudden" and that Xu Tu's gradual administration could restore "the administration of the three generations"; in the fifth letter, Lu Jiuyuan simply and clearly discussed the way of being king to Xiaozong. The author thinks that "if the main idea is good, everything will be detailed, and if the main idea is good, everything will be barren.". The duty of the master of human beings is to know and employ people, and to establish the will of the state. It is not to do everything personally and in detail. Doing so will only make the upper and lower levels shift responsibility and restrain each other. Although Xiaozong was repeatedly questioned by him, he could not help but praise him a lot. Zhu Xi also specially asked for the view, and praised: "to hear the theory, comfort good deep.". Its scale is huge and its origin is far-reaching, which can not be detected by corrupt scholars and despicable students. " This shows Lu Jiuyuan's wheelset shadow

Chinese PinYin : Lu Jiu Yuan