Qin Xiangong

Qin Xiangong

Qin Xiangong

(424-361 or 362 BC), surnamed Ying, surnamed Zhao, surnamed Lian. Shiben was dedicated to the Duke of Qin and Yuan Dynasties, while yuejueshu was the king of Qin and Yuan Dynasties. The son of Zhao Su, the Duke of Qin Ling, was the king of Qin during the Warring States period.

Qin Xian Gong exiled in early Wei Dynasty, and he returned to the throne in the first 385 years (Qin Dynasty, two years). He made reforms in the state of Qin, including abolishing the people's martyrs, moving the capital, expanding their commercial activities, preparing the registered residence and promoting the county system, and repeatedly launched the war to recover the lost land in Hexi (the west of the Yellow River section between the two provinces of Shanxi and Shaanxi). The reform in the period of Qin Xiangong was quite effective, which laid the foundation for Shang Yang's reform in the period of Qin Xiaogong.

In 366 B.C. (the 19th year of Qin Xiangong), Qin Xiangong defeated Han and Wei. From then on, Qin state raised the status of the vassal states again. In 361 BC (the 24th year of Qin Xiangong) or 362 BC (the 23rd year of Qin Xiangong), Qin Xiangong died at the age of 64 or 63.

Life of the characters

Exile in Wei state

In 415 BC (the 13th year of the Duke of Qin Ling), Zhao Su, the Duke of Qin Ling, died. Zhao Su's uncle, Zhao Lian's uncle, won the throne for the Duke of Qin bamboo slips. At that time, ten-year-old Lian fled to Wei, a neighboring country in the East, and began his 29 year exile.

Return to China

In the first 400 years (the 16th year of the Duke of Qin Bamboo Slips), the Duke of Qin Bamboo Slips mourned his son's death, and his son Zhao Ren ascended the throne.

In 387 BC (the 13th year of Huigong of Qin Dynasty), Zhao Ren, Huigong of Qin Dynasty, died, and his son Zhao Chang, Chugong of Qin Dynasty, ascended to the throne. Zhao Chang, the Duke of Qin Dynasty, was only two years old when he ascended the throne, so his mother presided over the government. Because Zhao Chang's mother appointed relatives and eunuchs, she had conflicts with the members of the Qin state, and the internal affairs of Qin state were very tense. In order to win the hearts of the people, Zhao Chang's mother gave too many rewards, which made the State Treasury empty. She had to increase the tax rate to increase the income of the state treasury, which caused strong dissatisfaction of the landlords and farmers.

In 386 BC, marquis Wu of Wei decided to help his son Zhao Lian seize power and establish a pro Wei regime. Although Zhao Lian had a strong desire to return to power, he knew that the state of Qin and the state of Wei were mortal enemies. If the state of Wei sent him back, he would be restricted by the state of Wei, which was unfavorable to the state of Qin. It is harmful to the interests of Zhao Lian, the Duke of Qin. Young master Zhao Lian declined Wei's escort.

After a year of planning, Zhao Lian felt that the time was right, so he was ready to start. When he bid farewell to Marquis Wu of Wei, his son Zhao Lian made an oath with Marquis Wu of Wei. His son Zhao Lian appreciated the hospitality of the state of Wei over the past 30 years. If his son Zhao Lian successfully regained the throne, the state of Qin promised not to be an enemy of the state of Wei while Marquis Wu of Wei was alive. This oath made Marquis Wu of Wei very uncomfortable.

In 385 B.C. (the second year of Qin's reign), the commoner of Qin state was in the West County (now Lixian County, Longnan City, Gansu Province) to welcome Zhao Lian, the son of Qin state, as the king. When Qin Chugong's mother learned about it, she ordered the army to destroy Qin Xiangong and his gang. The general of this army had long been bribed by Qin Xiangong. On the way, he convinced his subordinates to go to meet Qin Xiangong. Many people came to meet Qin Xiangong along the way. Surrounded by these people, Qin Xiangong entered Yongcheng, the capital of Qin State (now Baoji City, Shaanxi Province), killed Zhao Chang and his mother, and regained the throne. In the same year, the state of Jin seized eight cities in Hexi of the state of Qin.

Political reform

In 384 B.C. (the first year of Qin Xiangong), Qin Xiangong abolished the system of living people being buried for more than 300 years since Zhao, the Duke of Qin Wu. In the same year, Xirong Di people were destroyed and Didao county was established.

In 383 BC (the second year of Qin Xiangong), Qin Xiangong built a city in Liyang (now Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province).

In 381 BC (the fourth year of Qin Xiangong), Qin Xiaogong, the son of Qin Xiangong, was born.

In 379 B.C. (the sixth year of Qin Xiangong), Qin Xiangong transformed Pu, Lantian, Shan, Ming and other border areas into counties under his direct control.

In 378 BC (the seventh year of Qin Xiangong), at the beginning of the Qin Dynasty, the city began to standardize the management of industry and Commerce and extract business tax. The initial behavior of the city and the initial rent of grain brought a lot of income to the state treasury of Qin, and the country's economic strength doubled

.

In the first 375 years (Qin Xian Gong ten years), Qin Xian Gong compiled five families into one group for the registered residence, helped each other during busy farming, and trained in slack time. If someone breaks the law, the company will sit.

Auspicious weather

In 374 B.C. (the 11th year of Qin Xiangong), Tai Shi Dan of the Zhou Dynasty paid a visit to Qin Xiangong and said, "Zhou and Qin were originally United. Later, Qin was separated, and then they were united after 500 years. After 17 years, there will be people who dominate and unify the world." In the same year, it moved its capital to Liyang.

In 369 B.C. (the 16th year of Qin Xiangong), there was a great plague in the state of Qin, and there was another solar eclipse. Qin Xiangong thought it was not a good omen.

In 367 B.C. (the 18th year of Qin Xiangong), the "rain and gold" phenomena occurred in the area of Liyang. Qin Xiangong thought that he had the auspicious omen of gold, so he built a border in Liyang to sacrifice to the White Emperor.

Foreign war

In 366 B.C. (the 19th year of Qin Xiangong), Han and Wei sent troops to attack the city of King Zhou Xianwang, and the Allied forces approached Luoyang. The Zhou royal family was in danger, so Qin Xiangong used this as an excuse to serve the king. The Qin army defeated the Han and Wei armies in Luoyang City and won the praise of King Zhou Xian. The status of the Qin state among the vassals was significantly improved. The Qin people recovered their confidence and enthusiasm for expanding their territory. The attention of all levels in the Qin state also turned to foreign wars.

In 364 B.C. (the 21st year of Qin Xiangong), Qin Xiangong ordered the Qin army to attack the state of Wei and seize the land of Hexi, the native land of the state of Qin. He fought the Yellow River all the time and went deep into the territory of the state of Wei to Shimen (now the southwest of Yuncheng in Shanxi Province). He decapitated 60000 people and won an unprecedented victory for the state of Qin. King Zhou Xian congratulated Qin Xiangong on this victory. He was given the same title of Bo as Duke Qin's Ying Renhao, and he was given the same clothing as Duke Qin.

In 362 B.C. (the 23rd year of Qin Xiangong), the Qin army defeated the Wei army in Shaoliang (now southwest of Hancheng in Shaanxi Province), captured the Wei general gongshucuo and the prince of Wei, and captured pangcheng (now Southeast of Hancheng). In his early years, gongshucuo was very good to Qin Xiangong in the state of Wei. Qin Xiangong put gongshucuo back to the state of Wei after his hospitality.

In 362 or 361 BC (the 23rd or 24th year of Qin Xiangong), Qin Xiangong died.

Political initiatives

Politics

In 384 B.C. (the first year of Qin Xiangong), Qin Xiangong declared "stop from dying", abolished the system of burying people alive for more than 300 years since Qin Wugong, and formally prohibited the system of burying people alive. From then on, the system of burying people alive was formally abolished in the form of decrees.

Qin Xiangong abolished this system, fundamentally speaking, to avoid the young and middle-aged labor force being killed in vain. Before that, the slaveholders and nobles in the state of Qin showed their identity by the quantity and quality of the dead. Every year, a large number of young slaves were killed in the state of Qin. Abolishing the burial of human beings, which provided a large number of labor force for the Qin state, was very beneficial to the agricultural and industrial and commercial production of the Qin state. As an alternative to the funeral system, the slave owners and nobles of Qin began to use pottery figurines instead of human beings.

In the state of Qin, there were more land and fewer people. Duke Xian of Qin encouraged people to have more sons.

Qin Xiangong also attracted people from neighboring countries and tribes to the state of Qin to farm and graze. They were treated equally with their own people and were not allowed to discriminate against these immigrants. Through these measures, the population of the state of Qin increased significantly, and many of the original wasteland was reclaimed, which laid a solid foundation for his son Zhao Quliang to appoint Shang Yang as a political reform power.

In the slave society, slaves lived in the "wild", while civilians and slave owners lived in the "state", and the distinction between them was very obvious. With the collapse of slavery, it is required to recompile registered residence according to the new situation of class change. In the first 375 years (Qin Xian Gong ten years), the population of the whole country was compiled according to five units, called "registered residence". The significance of this reform lies in: abolishing the boundary between the state and the wild, and all the people under the rule of Qin state were incorporated into the "Wu", which in fact promoted the status of slaves and enjoyed the treatment of the people, which is a positive and progressive reform.

military

In 383 BC (the second year of Qin Xiangong), the capital of Qin was moved from Yongcheng (now Baoji Fengxiang South) to Liyang (now Xi'an Yanliang). The purpose of moving the capital was to fight against the eastern state of Wei. At that time, civil strife was frequent in the state of Qin, and the neighboring state of Wei took the opportunity to seize the Hexi (between the Yellow River and the Luohe River) of the state of Qin. The capital of Qin was far away in the west of Guanzhong, which was beyond the command of Wei. The capital of Qin Xiangong moved here, mainly for military needs.

In 364 B.C. (the 21st year of Qin Xiangong), Qin and Wei fought in Shimen, "beheading 60000, Emperor he Yifu"; in 362 B.C. (the 23rd year of Qin Xiangong), Qin and Wei fought in Shaoliang (the south of Chengcheng, Shaanxi), and captured Wei general Gongsun Cuo. Qin Xiangong established his capital in Liyang, which initially changed the passive situation of Qin by reform and war, and laid a foundation for Qin to enter the East and compete with other countries.

Historical evaluation

Qin Xiaogong: Xiangong ascended the throne, pacified the border, moved to Liyang, and wanted to invade the East.

Lu Buwei's Lu's spring and Autumn Annals: it can be said that Xiangong can use rewards and punishments. All rewards are not based on love, and punishments are not based on evil. For good, though evil, reward; for bad, though love, punish.

Sima Qian's historical records: Qin Dynasty started Xianggong, followed by Zhang Yuwen, Miao, Xian and Xiao, and then slightly nibbled at the six countries. For more than a hundred years, the first emperor was able to combine the crown and belt.

Anecdotes and allusions

After Qin Xiangong ascended the throne, he should reward the meritorious people. He was very grateful to jungai and wanted to reward him a lot. At the same time, he resented youzhuran and wanted to punish him a lot. After learning about Qin Xiangong's plan, the minister jiantu remonstrated: "it's not good for the monarch to do this. There are a lot of young master Qin's exiles

Chinese PinYin : Qin Xian Gong