Wang Kangnian

Wang Kangnian

Wang Kangnian (January 25, 1860 - November 4, 1911) was first named Haonian (LIANG Qing), and later renamed Kangnian (Xiao Qing). He was named Yibo in his middle age and Huibo and xingzuisheng in his old age. Zhejiang Qiantang (now Hangzhou) people, Guangxu 18 years Jinshi. He is a newspaper publisher and political commentator of the bourgeois reformists in modern China. In the cabinet. After the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, he joined the strong society in Shanghai and ran the current affairs newspaper. Later, he changed it to Changyan newspaper and became editor in chief. In addition, he has successively run zhongwai daily, Beijing daily and Cuyan daily. There are Wang Jiqing's posthumous works and Wang Jiqing's notes.

Personage introduction

Wang Kangnian (1860.1.25-1911.11.4), a reformer in the late Qing Dynasty. He is from Qiantang, Zhejiang Province. The word is "Xiao Qing" and "Hui Bo" in the late Qing Dynasty. Emperor Dezong was a Jinshi in Guangxu period. Zhang Zhidong's staff. He is a newspaper publisher and political commentator of the bourgeois reformists in modern China. After the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, he was angry and encouraged to reform and strive for strength, hoping to turn the weak into the strong. In 1895 (the 21st year of Emperor Guangxu of Dezong), he joined the "strong society" in Shanghai. In the following year, he worked with Huang Zunxian to run the current affairs daily. He was his own manager and chief editor of Yan Liang Qichao. He once wrote articles to publicize bourgeois civil rights thought. After that, it was changed to Changyan daily and stopped publication soon. In 1898, Shiwu daily was founded in Shanghai, and its name was changed to zhongwai daily, supporting the Qing government's "New Deal". He once supported the people of Shanghai and opposed the encroachment of "Siming cemetery" by legal persons. After the signing of the Treaty of Xin Chou in 1901, the Russian army stayed in Mukden for a long time. He angrily called home and abroad and fought generously. In 1904, he was appointed secretary of the cabinet. In 1907, Beijing news was held in Beijing. In 1910 (the second year of Xuantong), Chu Yan Bao was organized. His works include Wang Jiqing's posthumous works and Wang Jiqing's notes.

Life

Born on January 25, 1860, he studied in a private school with his father in Guangdong.

Back in 1882, he worked as a proofreader in a Book Company, and soon went to Hankou to teach.

He studied in Qiantang County in 1886.

In 1889, he was admitted to the Eight Banners government school, and later to Ju Ren.

In 1894, he passed the entrance examination.

In 1890, at the invitation of Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Huguang, he taught for his grandson. Later, he served as a self-improvement school, translated Western books, and concurrently served as a branch teacher of history in Lianghu Academy.

In 1895, after the Sino Japanese War of 1895, the patriotic Organization China Association was founded under the influence of the reform thought. At the invitation of Kang Youwei, he went to Shanghai to join the Shanghai strong society. In the same year, he founded the Mongolian society in Shanghai and published the Journal of Mongolia.

In 1896, the Qing government ordered the society to be banned. He used the money he had left to establish the current affairs newspaper with Huang Zunxian and others. He became the manager himself and hired Liang Qichao as the main writer. The newspaper was one of the most influential newspapers founded by the reformers at that time. It was a ten day magazine with columns such as treatises, encyclopedias, translations of newspapers outside Beijing and recent events outside Beijing. It gathered a group of famous newspaper talents, such as Mai Menghua and Zhang Taiyan, to write a large number of political articles to publicize the reform and save the nation. Wang Kangnian not only presided over the newspaper business, but also published some articles advocating innovation in the newspaper The articles on running new schools, sending overseas students, developing national capitalism and appealing for civil rights have attracted a large number of readers and exerted great influence on the society. However, as Zhang Zhidong is an ex officio shareholder of the current affairs daily, Wang Kangnian, as Zhang Zhidong's staff, was under his control. He once intervened in his work and published some articles that openly contradicted the reformers, forcing Liang Qichao to resign as the chief writer.

In 1897, Wang Kangnian and others founded the peasant association newspaper. In 1898, Wang Kangnian and Wang Dajun set up the East Literature Society in Shanghai, and changed the current affairs newspaper to Changyan newspaper. Because Zhang Taiyan and others were all reformers, the content of the newspaper still focused on introducing western learning and publicizing the reform, and it was closed after the 1898 coup.

In 1898, Wang Kangnian raised funds to run another "current affairs daily" and actively expressed his views on attacking the reformists. In 1898, the newspaper was renamed "zhongwai daily". From the standpoint of the Westernization Movement, it changed from ostensibly flaunting the reform to completely opposing the reform. After the 1898 coup, it attacked Kang and Liang as major criminals and aimed at the revolutionaries. However, in the aspect of the newspaper, it made a significant reform. Instead of the four character headlines commonly used in the newspapers at that time, it replaced the classified headlines. Each page was divided into four columns, and the news was divided into four categories: telegraph, national news, foreign news and local news, which were arranged separately by country, city and region. It made a contribution to the development of China's modern newspaper industry.

In 1904, Wang Kangnian went to Beijing to make up for the imperial examination and served as the Secretary of the cabinet. In 1905, he participated in the organization of Zhejiang railway company. In 1906, he was elected counsellor of the Department of education. In 1907, he founded the Beijing News in Beijing as its president and general manager. Mainly publishing political news, based on the position of the constitutionalists. In 1909, the newspaper was closed down because it was involved in commenting on the "Yang Cuixi case" and the Qing court scandal.

In 1910, Wang Kangnian founded the "Cuyan Bao" in Beijing, which stopped publication on the eve of the 1911 Revolution because of the propaganda of constitutionalism. After the revolution of 1911, he lived in Tianjin and died of illness on November 4 of the same year. His works include Wang Jiqing's posthumous works and Wang Jiqing's notes.

News theory

The first is the qualitative analysis of newspapers. He believes that "if a newspaper uses a weapon of benevolence, it can be a matter of utmost benevolence; if it is not benevolent, it can also be a matter of utmost benevolence" (on the supervision of newspapers, Beijing News, June 21, 1907, quoted from posthumous works, Vol. 2, P. 32) newspaper paper is a kind of weapon, which has the nature of a tool, and it serves whoever is in charge of it. In Wang Kangnian's eyes, the morality of newspapers and periodicals is extremely important: first, they are true. They should not fabricate and exaggerate facts in order to win a sensation. Although they were effective at that time, once they were informed by the readers, they would lose their trust. 2、 Justice is not biased. Because of the great influence of newspapers and periodicals, it is necessary to be fair to make a statement. It is not allowed to confuse facts and confuse black and white because of one's own likes and dislikes. Otherwise, they will not only demote themselves, but also corrupt the social atmosphere, which is not conducive to social stability.

Secondly, the understanding of newspaper's social responsibility is mainly composed of four points. First, the function of Supervision: "the newspaper supervises the government, and the public welfare workers also supervise the government. Therefore, in terms of the gains and losses of the government and the interests of the society, it is appropriate for the newspapers to either praise them or correct them. The paper holds that the newspaper should supervise the government and society to make it develop healthily. 2、 The enlightenment function is to "revive the society, develop the wisdom of the people, and make use of the advantages of the media to publicize modern ideas and open up the wisdom of the people". 3、 The communication function "enables the people to know what the officials do. When the people suffer, no official knows it. "By making use of the open, rapid and popular characteristics of newspapers, we can connect the originally separated people with the government, spread the news from the top to the bottom, and reach the bottom. 4、 The function of the public opinion guide is "the guide of the people of the whole country who cover the newspaper" and "more than 100 times of the artillery". Newspapers are used to carry out positive propaganda, support the healthy and stop the evil.

Thirdly, on the construction of the newspaper itself, Wang Kangnian also carried on many aspects of thinking. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of the newspaper media, let the society and the government supervise the media, and form a virtuous circle mechanism. In addition, for the specific operation, Wang Kangnian summed up a lot of experience and norms. If the layout should be based on the first message and the second important news, readers can't always judge the quality of the newspaper by the number of important news, so they can't include all the ordinary things in the important news. The content of the application should be classified and marked in large characters in order to be eye-catching; the news articles and articles reprinted from other newspapers and magazines should be noted with the origin to avoid the suspicion of stealing. In translating foreign newspapers, we should correct those who have recorded and misunderstood the events in our country; we should translate people's names and place names, and use commonly used words and so on. These things are common today, but they are very important experience at that time. From this, we can see that Wang Kangnian, on the one hand, summarized his experience in running a newspaper from the perspective of readers and convenience for readers, on the other hand, he did not only follow the readers, but also had his own independent idea of running a newspaper. This is one of the important reasons for Wang Kangnian's success.

Zhang Zhidong and Zhang Zhidong

The relationship between Wang Kangnian and Zhang Zhidong began in 1890. Wang Kangnian, who was 31 years old in this year, after the examination report was finished, said that "in response to the call of Zhang Xiaoda, governor of the two lakes, to teach his sun gangsun and Dao sun brothers, he served in the self-improvement academy, and served as a branch of the History Studio of the two lakes Academy. All the celebrities who were in Zhang Shangshu's tent and were in Wuchang's official position were friends with him." In the following years, Wang Kangnian stayed in Hubei. During this period, he gradually formed the idea of reform and set up his own social network, which determined his future life. After the outbreak of the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, Zhang Zhidong was appointed governor of Liangjiang and general of Jiangning. At the invitation of Zhang Zhidong, Wang Kangnian left Hubei for Shanghai in 1895 and began to set up reform newspapers. In the process of the establishment and development of Shi Wu Bao, the relationship between Wang Kangnian and Zhang Zhidong is complex and subtle.

Wang Kangnian has been in Zhang Zhidong's tent for many years, and once served as a tutor for Zhang Zhidong's grandchildren, but Zhang Zhidong doesn't think highly of him. According to Liang dingfen, a close confidant of Zhang, "although Nanpi doesn't quite understand what he means, there are also some uncertainties. However, he talks about economy and works effectively." Only show appreciation for their ability. In January 1896, the strong societies in Beijing and Shanghai were banned one after another. Zhang Zhidong instructed Wang Kangnian to accept the balance of the strong societies and transfer it to the fund for running newspapers. On the one hand, he trusted Wang Kangnian, on the other hand, Wang Kangnian prepared to establish the China Association, participated in the strong societies in Shanghai and sent new people to Shanghai and Hubei

Chinese PinYin : Wang Kang Nian