Zhang Cang
Zhang Cang
Zhang Cang (256 bc-152 BC) was born in Yangwu County, Henan Province. In the early Western Han Dynasty, Prime Minister and calendar mathematician.
In his early years, he studied under Xunzi and went out of the same school as Li Si and Han Fei. In the early Qin Dynasty, he served as a censor and fled for crime. Following the uprising of Liu Bang, Peigong, and paying homage to the governor of Changshan, he made great contributions. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, he successively served as the Prime Minister of the Dynasty and Zhao. After the rebellion of zangda, the king of Yan, he was granted the title of Marquis of Beiping. After entering the dynasty, he was the prime minister and chief planner, managing financial affairs. He moved to the south of Huaihe River and became a royal historian. In the fourth year of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, Guan Ying passed away and took over the post of prime minister. Due to different political opinions, he took the initiative to serve as an official.
Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty died in the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (152 BC), and his posthumous title was Wen. He once corrected the nine chapters of arithmetic, formulated the calendar, advocated the abolition of corporal punishment, and the main student was Jia Yi.
Zhang Cang (152 BC) was born in Yangwu (now Southeast Yuanyang, Henan Province) at the end of Qin Dynasty. He is good at law and calendar. In the Qin Dynasty, he was the censor, who was in charge of all kinds of documents.
Later, Zhang Cang was guilty and died. He joined forces with Liu Bang to destroy Qin. In the war of Chu and Han Dynasties, he successively served as Changshan Shou, Dai Xiang and Zhao Xiang. In the sixth year of emperor Gaodi of the Han Dynasty (201 BC), he was granted the Marquis of Beiping, moved the prime minister, and rotated the marquis. Presided over the revision of laws and calendars, and formulated laws and regulations and 100 engineering categories. Later, it was Liu Changxiang, the king of Huainan.
In the eighth year of the reign of emperor gaohou (180bc), he was a royal historian, who established Emperor Wen with Marquis Jiang Zhou Bo. After four years, he became prime minister. In the second year of the second Yuan Dynasty (162bc), Emperor Wen was dismissed for opposing the adoption of the local calendar system, and for profiteering. When Emperor Jing was ill, he died. There are 16 pieces of Zhang Cang in Yi Wen Zhi of Han Dynasty, which are lost today.
Life of the characters
Follow Liu Bang
Zhang cangyang and Wu Yuefa are very fond of books. In the Qin Dynasty, he once served as a censor, in charge of various documents and archives in the palace. Later, because of the crime, he ran away and went home. When Peigong conquered the city and passed Yangwu, Zhang Cang followed Peigong to attack Nanyang as a guest.
Later, Zhang Cang was beheaded for breaking the law. When he took off his clothes and fell on the instrument of torture, he was tall and big. At the same time, he had a skin as fat and white as gourd seed. He happened to be seen by the Royal Mausoleum and marveled at Zhang Cang's good growth. Therefore, the mausoleum interceded with Peigong and pardoned his death. In this way, Zhang Cang followed Peigong westward into Wuguan and reached Xianyang. Peigong was established as the king of Han Dynasty, entered Hanzhong, and soon returned to the division to pacify Sanqin.
Chen Yu defeated Zhang Er, the king of Changshan, and Zhang Er returned to the king of Han. Then the king of Han appointed Zhang Cang as the Sheriff of Changshan. He followed Han Xin to attack Zhao, and Zhang Cang captured Chen Yu. After Zhao was pacified, the king appointed Zhang Cang as the Prime Minister of the state to guard against the enemy at the border. Soon after, he was transferred to the Prime Minister of the state of Zhao to assist Zhang Er, the king of Zhao. After Zhang Er died, he assisted Zhang Ao, king of Zhao. Then he was transferred to the Prime Minister of the Dai state to assist the Dai Wang. When zangda, the king of Yan, rebelled, Gaozu led troops to attack zangda. Zhang Cang, as the Prime Minister of the state, followed Gaozu to attack zangda. In 201 BC (the sixth year of Gaozu), Zhang Cang was granted the title of Marquis of Beiping and lived in 1200 households.
Later, Zhang Cang was promoted to be a financial planner. One month later, Zhang Cang changed his position as a marquis, and he held the post for four years. At this time, Xiao He was the prime minister, while Zhang Cang had been a history officer since Qin Dynasty. He was very familiar with the books and various books in the world. Moreover, he was very proficient in calculation, music and calendar, so he was ordered to work as a marquis in the prime minister's office and be responsible for managing the accounting books handed in by the prefectures.
Qingbu fled before his rebellion, so emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty made his son Liu Chang king of Huainan and ordered Zhang Cang to be the prime minister to assist him. After 14 years (should be 16 years), Zhang Cang was transferred to the imperial historian.
He became the Prime Minister of the Han Dynasty
Zhang Cang and Zhou Bo, the Marquis of Jiang, jointly respected the king as Emperor Xiaowen. In 176 B.C. (the fourth year of Emperor Wen), Guan Ying, the prime minister, died and Zhang Cang succeeded him.
It has been more than 20 years since the establishment of the Han Dynasty to Emperor Xiaowen. At that time, when the world was just calming down, all the civil and military officials in the imperial court came from military background. Only Zhang Cang devoted himself to discussing and revising the temperament and calendar when he was the prime minister. Because Gaozu entered the pass in October and destroyed the Qin Dynasty and arrived at the overlord, the old calendar method that the Qin Dynasty started with October is still followed. He also argued for the operation of the five virtues of metal, wood, water, fire and earth. He believed that the Han Dynasty was in the period of flourishing water morality, so he still advocated black as the Qin Dynasty did.
Zhang Cang also played the temperament tube and adjusted the music tone to fit the five tones and eight tones, so as to push the others and formulate the laws and regulations. And from this, the measurement standards of various utensils were worked out, which could be used as the standard of all kinds of work in the world. When he was Prime Minister, he finally finished all this. Therefore, all the scholars who studied the temperament and calendar of the Han Dynasty learned from Zhang Cang. Zhang Cang had always liked books, and he read all kinds of books and was proficient in all kinds of knowledge, especially in temperament and calendar.
Zhang Cang was grateful for the mausoleum that had saved his life. Wang Ling is the Marquis of an state. When Zhang Cang became a senior official, he often served the Mausoleum as his father. After the death of the mausoleum, Zhang Cang was already the prime minister, but every time he took a five-day vacation, he would first meet the mausoleum lady and offer delicious food before he dared to go home.
Life in old age
More than ten years after Zhang Cang became prime minister, there was a man named Gongsun Chen in the state of Lu. He wrote to the emperor, saying that the Han Dynasty belonged to the period of prosperous tude, and the sign was that there would soon be Huanglong. The emperor issued an imperial edict to Zhang Cang for examination and verification. Zhang Cang thought that was not the case and left the matter aside. However, Huang long did appear in Chengji County of Tianshui County, so Emperor Wen called Gongsun to the imperial court and appointed him a doctor, who was responsible for drafting the calendar system conforming to the local morality. At the same time, the first year was revised. Therefore, Prime Minister Zhang Cang was denounced, saying that he was too sick and would not go to court.
Zhang Cang once recommended someone as the Marquis of the Middle Kingdom, but this person used improper means to pursue his own interests. The emperor blamed Zhang Cang for this, and Zhang Cang retired. Zhang Cang had been prime minister for 15 years before he left his post. He died in 152 BC (the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty before emperor Xiaojing), and his posthumous title was Wen.
Main achievements
Zhang Cang is very knowledgeable and learned. He made great achievements in calendar and arithmetic. It made legislation and weights and measures for the Western Han Dynasty. His nine chapter arithmetic is a great contribution to the development of mathematics in China and the world.
1. He put forward and formulated a relatively complete set of theories on degree, quantity, balance and so on. He directly applied the research results of arithmetic to the national economy and the people's livelihood.
2. Zhang Cang advocated the adoption of Zhuanxu calendar.
3. Add, revise, delete and supplement nine chapters on arithmetic.
Nine chapters on arithmetic collects 246 mathematical problems. These algorithms are more than 1500 years earlier than similar algorithms in Europe, and have had an important impact on the development of mathematics in the world.
Historical evaluation
Sima Qian: first, "Zhang Cang's literary calendar is the famous Prime Minister of the Han Dynasty, but he didn't comply with Jia Sheng's and Gongsun Chen's words. What's the point of using Zhuanxu's calendar of the Qin Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty?" ② "Since the Han Dynasty was initially established, the literature and science were not clear, the Cang was the main plan, the regular measurement, the order and the law calendar."
Sima Zhen: "Zhang Cang is in charge of the plan, and the world is making progress. Sun Chen was first dwarfed, and the Qin calendar was still in line. The second prime minister, the prime minister, ah Heng. "
Relative members
Grandfather: Zhang Yi, Prime Minister and political strategist of the state of Qin.
Father: Zhang Fengzhang, less than five feet tall.
Elder brother: Zhang Bojiu, father of Changshan King Zhang Er.
Sons: Zhang Kang, Marquis of Beiping; Zhang Feng.
Nephew: Zhang Er, King Zhao, a meritorious official in the early Han Dynasty.
Sun Tzu: Zhang Lei, the Marquis of Peiping, was irreverent when he attended the funeral of the Marquis, and his title was revoked.
Anecdotes and allusions
After Zhang Cang was removed from the prime minister's post, he was very old and had no teeth in his mouth. He could only live on human milk and let some women be his nursing mother. He had many wives and concubines, about 100 people. Those who had been pregnant and had given birth were no longer close to him. Zhang Cang finally died when he was over 100 years old.
cemetery
See: Tomb of Zhang Cang
Located in gudui village, 2km northeast of Chengguan Town, Yuanyang County, Zhang Cang's tomb is a key cultural relic protection unit in Henan Province.
Zhang Cang's tomb is 40 meters long from east to west, 30 meters long from north to south, and 1 to 2 meters high. The pagoda trees around the tomb are dense and lush. In front of the tomb is a stone inscription entitled "Tomb of marquis Zhang Cang in Beiping of Han Dynasty" erected during the reign of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty. There is a tombstone. The head of the circle is engraved with the pattern of cloud dragon, with the inscription "the tomb of Zhang Gong, the Prime Minister of the Han Dynasty, who taboo Cang", which was erected during the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty.
There are also large stone tablets in the hall of "Zhang Cang Memorial Hall" and "hometown of Zhang Cang, Prime Minister of the Western Han Dynasty".
Historical records
See:
Biography of prime minister Zhang
、
Biography of Zhang Zhou, Zhao Renshen and Tu
Zhang Cang's life story is recorded in historical records Volume 96 biography of prime minister Zhang No. 36 written by Sima Qian and Han History Volume 4 12 biography of Zhang Zhou, Zhao Renshen and Tu No. 12 written by Ban Gu.
Artistic image
Meng Xiaodong in the volume of stealing the family acts as Zhang Cang.
Chinese PinYin : Zhang Cang
Zhang Cang
