Sun en
Sun en
Sun en (?)? Linyi, Langya (now Linyi City, Shandong Province), Han nationality. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wudoumi Taoist, leader of the uprising army, and after sun Xiu, the commander of the Chinese Academy of letters (Jin Shu said that sun en was a member of sun Xiu's family, but did not indicate whether he was a direct or collateral branch).
He was born in Kuaiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Shifeng wudoumi Road, is Yongjia Nandu family. In the third year of Long'an (399), troops were set up to rebel against the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the first year of Yuanxing (402), he failed to attack Linhai county and committed suicide by jumping into the sea. Yu Zhong was led by his brother-in-law Lu Xun, who was known as "the rebellion of sun en Lu Xun".
Sun en's maritime counter insurgency became "the beginning of the pirates in the Central Plains", which provided experience for future generations of pirates and became a synonym for pirates. He wrote five volumes of sun en Ji, which has been lost so far.
Life of the characters
Waiting for revenge
Sun en was born in the sun family of Langya. His ancestors were sun Xiu, the counselor of simalun, the king of Zhao, during the eight kings' rebellion. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, his family belonged to the "second-class gentry living in Jiangzuo". Chen Yinke pointed out: "Sun Enshi lived in the south, like other northerners from the south, he had become a lower class in the South after being cut off.". Sun en's uncle sun Tai studied the secret arts from Du Zigong, a native of Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). After the death of Du Zigong, sun Tai became the leader of wudoumi Taoism. His followers spread widely in the south. He once worked for Sima Daozi, the king of Kuaiji. In the second year of Long'an, Emperor Jin'an (398), sun Tai saw that Wang Gong raised his army against the imperial court. He felt that the state of Jin Dynasty was inclined, so he planned to make trouble. Xie Fu, the internal historian of Kuaiji, exposed sun Tai's plot of rebellion, and sun Tai was killed by Sima Daozi. Sun en fled to the island (or today's Zhoushan Islands). At that time, the rest of sun Tai believed that sun Tai was "a cicada sloughing to become an immortal" and went to the island to support Sun en, so sun en gathered more than 100 people to wait for revenge.
Attack three Wu repeatedly
In the third year of Long'an (399), Sima Yuanxian (son of Sima Daozi), the governor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, recruited the masses who became tenants because they were exempted from official slave status by the three Wumen warlords, and entered Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) to enrich their troops, which was called "happy family". This aroused the anger and discontent of the local warlords. Taking advantage of his unstable heart, sun en led the public to attack Shangyu (now Shangyu in Zhejiang Province) and kill Shangyu county magistrate, and then conquered Kuaiji (now Shaoxing in Zhejiang Province). Wang Ningzhi, the internal history of Kuaiji, was killed, and the number of sun en's troops increased to tens of thousands. At that time, there were people in Kuaiji County, Wujun County, Wuxing County, Yixing County, Linhai County, Yongjia County, Dongyang county and Xin'an County who responded to sun en's rebellion. As a result, all the three wubajun counties rebelled for a while, and the number of sun en's troops increased to hundreds of thousands. At that time, most of the county officials were either killed or abandoned. Sun en then defended Kuaiji and called himself general Zhengdong. He changed the title of his party members to "Changsheng Ren", and ordered the killing of dissidents, even babies. As a result, a large number of people died. The imperial court imposed martial law inside and outside, and sent Xuzhou governor Xie Yan and Zhenbei General Liu Guzhi to suppress them. Sun en, responding to the response of debajun, originally planned to capture Jiankang and overthrow the Eastern Jin Dynasty. When he knew that Liu's troops were on the Qiantang River, he planned to separate his regime from Kuaiji and fight against the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Soon after Liu's crossing the river, sun en was forced to lead more than 200000 people he had captured back to the island. At that time, sun en deliberately left the looted treasures and young men and women along the way to fight for the time for Liu Jianzhi's pursuit of the army. In May of the fourth year of Long'an (400), sun en led his troops to attack Jiakou (now zhenhaikou), entered Yuyao, broke Shangyu, and arrived at Xingpu in the north of Shanyin county. After being defeated by Xie Yan and Liu xuanzhi, he entered Xingpu again and approached Kuaiji. Xie Yan, who was guarding the city, went to battle but died. Sun en and later turned to Linhai. Xie Yan's death shocked the imperial court and sent Huan Bucai, sun Wuzhong and Gao ya to lead the suppression. In November, sun en was defeated in Yuyao, but Liu Jianzhi defeated sun en, and sun en fled to the island again.
Threatening the capital
In February of the 5th year of Long'an (401), sun en led the people to land for the third time. He attacked Jiakou and every chapter, but he was unable to capture it and was attacked by Liu Jianzhi, so he withdrew to the island. In March, sun en landed for the fourth time and turned to Haiyan. However, he was defeated by Liu Yu in the daytime and defeated by Liu Yu in the night when he tried to attack. Sun en then turned to Hu Du, which was the internal history of Wu state yuan shansongshou. In May, sun en attacked hudu and killed yuan Shansong, and then went to Jingkou (now Zhenjiang) by sea. The plan was to take Jiankang, the capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Liu Yu chased sun en to Dantu. A small number of sun en's troops won the battle. A large number of sun en's troops fell into the sea or cliff, causing sun en to escape by boat. However, sun en still relied on the large number of people, and soon reorganized his forces and went back to Jiankang. Sima Yuanxian led his troops to refuse to fight, which was also disadvantageous. Sun en gradually approached, but at this time, the imperial court was ready to fight, and the governor of Yuzhou, Sima Shangzhi, also came to help Jiankang. Sun en's attempt to attack Jiankang failed, so he retreated to Xinzhou and went north to Yuzhou. In Yuzhou, sun en defeated Gao Yazhi and captured him, but later Liu Yu came to fight for him. After many wars, sun en was defeated and his strength declined sharply, so he fled south along the coast. Liu Yu still pursued him all the time, so he defeated sun en again in hudu, and sun en fled to the sea again in Jiakou.
go into a cul-de-sac
In March of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huan Xuan wiped out the power of Sima Daozi and his son, and took charge of the government. Sun en attacked Linhai county again, but he was defeated by the governor Xin Min when he attacked Linhai county. The captured Sanwu people were defeated by Liu Yuhe last year. After the war, only a few thousand people died. Afraid of being captured by the imperial court, sun en committed suicide in the sea. Hundreds of his prostitutes and concubines and his followers died with him. Sun en was even called "Narcissus" by his followers. After sun en's death, his brother-in-law Lu Xun led the rest of the people to fight until the seventh year of Yixi (411).
Anecdotes and allusions
At the beginning of the war, sun en heard that the people of eight counties responded to him. He couldn't help but be overjoyed. He said to his subordinates, "there's no big deal in the world. In a few days, we'll go to Jiankang wearing the official uniform of the imperial court." Later, when he heard that Liu had come, he immediately changed his vision and said, "even if I only rule in eastern Zhejiang, I can always be a Goujian." A few days later, when he heard that Liu had crossed the river with his army, he lowered his target and said, "even if you run away, it's no shame!"
personal works
There are five volumes of sun en Ji written by sun en, which still exist in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and are now lost.
Historical records
Book of Jin volume 100 biography 70
Character evaluation
Ding Yuzhu's Marine Culture: although it had a great influence in Sanwu area, sun en did not have much talent and foresight except for being able to confuse people with religion. The army led by him is a group of bandits. When they arrive at a place, they will not only kill local officials, but also plunder property, burn down warehouses and houses, even cut down trees and bury wells. They are all crazy saboteurs. He was born in a family of second-class gentry. He hated the aristocratic family for occupying a high position, which made it difficult for them to get a chance to advance. Therefore, he slaughtered them very seriously. Wang family and Xie family bear the brunt. Besides Wang Ningzhi, many of Wang Xie's children, including Xie an's two nephews, were killed. If sun en's political ability had been higher, he would have done more. But he lacks political foresight and firm will, which make his career impossible to last long. Sun en's maritime counter insurgency is known as "the beginning of the pirates in the Central Plains", which provides experience for future generations of piracy. Later generations often called pirates sun en, sun en became synonymous with pirates. In the past, the evaluation of sun en by the historians in China has always been based on the leader of the peasant uprising, thus giving a positive evaluation. Only Fan Wenlan denied the nature of sun en's fighting and thought that he was an ambitious man who stole the fruits of the peasant uprising. Tian Yuqing, a historian, emphasized: "Sun en is not a careerist in the general sense. His ambition has the characteristics of breaking through the door politics, which is no different from Liu Guzhi and Liu Yu". Therefore, sun en and Liu Yu are also the "grave diggers" of the door politics in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and they are also the forerunners of Liu Yu. He also thinks that "the activities of sun en and other scholars are objectively inferior to the door politics." The resistance of the gentry was not always conscious action Although sun en and Lu Xun had an impact on the gentry in order to change their social and political status, they were still bound by the gentry in spirit, which is similar to Liu Guzhi. "
Chinese PinYin : Sun En
Sun en
