Emperor Zhang of Han Dynasty

Liu Ji

Liu Ji (from 56 to April 9, 1988) was born in Luoyang, Henan Province. The third emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty (75-88), the grandson of Guangwu emperor Liu Xiu, and the fifth son of Hanming emperor Liu Zhuang, whose mother was Jia Guiren.

Tolerant personality, like Confucianism. Yongping three years (60 years), became the crown prince. Yongping eighteen years (September 5, 75), officially ascended the throne. We should make every effort to manage the country, encourage agriculture and mulberry cultivation, build water conservancy, reduce corvee, advocate simplicity, implement "rest with the people", and realize the situation of active thinking, clear politics, and prosperous economy. It is called "the rule of Mingzhang" together with the reign of Emperor Han and Ming. Banchao was sent to the western regions twice, which made the western regions return to the Han Dynasty. The white tiger view conference was held to develop Confucianism.

Zhang he died on April 9, 1988. He was only 33 years old. His posthumous title was Zhang and his temple name was suzong. He was buried in Jingling (now Luoyang City, Henan Province). As a calligrapher, Zhang Di is famous for his cursive script, which is called "Zhang Cao" in history.

Life of the characters

Early experience

Born in the first year of Zhongyuan (56th year) in Jianwu, Liu Ji was the fifth son of Liu Zhuang, emperor of the Han and Ming Dynasties. His mother was Jia Guiren.

On February 19, the third year of Yongping (60th year), Liu Ji was appointed crown prince at the age of five. As a young and tolerant man, Liu Gong loved Confucianism and was highly valued by his father Liu Zhuang, emperor of the Han and Ming Dynasties.

On August 6, the 18th year of Yongping (75th year), Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty passed away. Liu Gong was the emperor. At the age of 19, he respected his mother, empress MA (empress Mingde), as empress dowager. On August 16 of the same year, Emperor Ming of Han Dynasty was buried in Xianjie mausoleum. On the second day of October, there was a general amnesty.

In November of the 18th year of Yongping (75th year), Geng Bing, a general of the Han Dynasty, was stationed in Jiuquan to guard against the northern Xiongnu. At this time, there was a battle between Han and Hun for the western regions. Emperor Zhang of Han sent Duan Peng, the prefect of Jiuquan, to rescue Geng Gong, the captain of Wuji school.

Yongping 18 years (75 years), a major plague. During the drought in Luoyang, the capital, and three prefectures, Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty exempted Yan, Yu, and Xuzhou from renting farmland and collecting manuscripts, and gave relief to the victims.

Be lenient and peaceful for the government

In the first year of the founding of the people's Republic of China (76 years), severe drought occurred in Yanzhou, Henan and Xuzhou.

On the one hand, Liu Ji mobilized the national treasury to provide emergency relief for the hungry people, and on the other hand, he called on the ministers to discuss solutions. According to the popular view at that time, the imbalance of yin and Yang was due to the imbalance of yin and Yang, which was related to political affairs.

Situ Baoyu lamented the malpractice of the times: "a few years ago, when he was in charge of Liu Ying prison, the king of Chu, hundreds of people were arrested. Not all of these people are guilty. I'm afraid half of those who are involved in prison are wronged. Those sentenced to imprisonment were far away from their hometown, separated from their flesh and blood, and their souls could not rest when they died. This leads to the imbalance of yin and Yang, and floods and droughts. Now it's better to forgive these criminals, release their imprisonment, and let them go home and reunite with their relatives. Maybe this can make peace, bring dew to the sky, relieve the drought, and relieve the suffering of the people. "

Chen Chong, the Minister of state, also said: "to govern state affairs is like adjusting the strings of a zither. If the strings are too tight, they will break. If the penalties are too strict, they will arouse people's dissatisfaction. It is suggested that your majesty further ease the penalty. " Liu Ji obeyed their advice, granted amnesty to the whole world and eased the punishment.

In the same year, Duan Peng, the governor of Jiuquan, defeated the northern Xiongnu. In February, Li Zhongman rebelled in Wuling. In March, earthquakes occurred in Shanyang and Dongping. Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty issued an edict for self-examination. In September, ailaoyi in Yongchang, Yunnan, rebelled against the Eastern Han government. It was not until the following year that soldiers from Yongchang, Yuefan and Yizhou attacked Ailao that the rebellion was put down. In October, Wuling County sent troops to fight against the rebellious barbarians. In November, Liu Yanmou, king of Fuling, rebelled, and Emperor Zhang of Han Dynasty demoted him as Marquis of Fuling.

In June of the second year of the founding of the people's Republic of China (77th year), the Qiang people in shaodang area rebelled against the imperial court of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty sent Hao Chong, the prefect of Jincheng, to fight against them. Unfortunately, he failed, so the Qiang army entered Hanyang. In August, Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty sent his General Ma Fang to fight.

In March of the third year of the founding of the people's Republic of China (78), Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty made Dou the queen. He also gave the nobility and food to the people. In April, the General Ma Fang on the road defeated shaodangqiang in the first World War of Lintao. In December, Ma Fang was canonized as a general of motorcycles.

In April of the fourth year of the founding of the people's Republic of China (79th year), Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty appointed Prince Liu Qing as the crown prince and greatly rewarded his subjects. And he made his children king. Liu Gong, the son of Emperor Ming of Han Dynasty, was the king of Jiangling, Liu Changjin, the king of Runan, was the king of Liang, and Liu Ping, the king of Changshan, was the king of Huaiyang. Prince Liu was granted the title of King Qiancheng, and Liu Quan the title of King Pingchun. In May, Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty dismissed Ma Fang, a general of motorcycles. In Jin Dynasty, he appointed situ Bao Yu as the Taiwei and Nanyang Taishou Huan Yu as the situ. In June, the emperor's wife, Empress Dowager Ma, died. In July, he became empress of Mingde.

Death

On February 30, the second year of Zhanghe (88), Liu Ji died in the front hall of Zhangde. At the age of 33, he was posthumously named emperor Xiaozhang and the temple was named suzong. The imperial edict could not afford to sleep in the temple, and it was in accordance with the system of burying Emperor Han and Ming. On March 18 of the same year, Liu Ji was buried in the jingling Mausoleum (now Southeast of Luoyang, Henan Province).

Main achievements

Politics

History says that Liu Jiong is loyal, benevolent and loyal to his family, and his decrees and punishments are indeed relatively lenient. For example, according to the system of the Eastern Han Dynasty, three generations of officials were not allowed to be officials for corruption.

Liu Ji abolished the system. However, Liu Ji's rewards to officials and nobles often exceeded the prescribed quota, resulting in the financial difficulties of the state and transferring these burdens to the people. It can be seen that Liu's leniency is not entirely based on principles.

During the period of Liu Ji's reign, he was lenient. Except for the previous ban that one person committed treason and other serious crimes, all his relatives were implicated.

He ordered the offender to commute his sentence and move to the border area. According to Chen Chong, the Minister of justice, there are more than 50 articles on Prohibition of torture except for cruel punishment.

Salt, iron, and casting are forbidden. We should pay attention to the selection of officials and take the officials who are honest and competent as the guarantee of political integrity.

We should crack down on the annexation of land by powerful landlords, adopt preferential policies to raise people to reclaim wasteland, encourage population growth, and reduce taxes on corvee.

Culture

< sub > master data: < / sub > < sub > White Tiger view Conference

In 83, Gao Caisheng was selected to study Zuoshi Chunqiu, Guliang Chunqiu, guwenshangshu and Maoshi. Due to many differences among Confucian classics scholars, Zhu Qing and Dr. Bai Hu focused on discussing the similarities and differences of the five classics, and ordered Ban Gu to sort out the discussion results into a book, which is called "white tiger Tongde" (also known as "white tiger Tongyi" and "white tiger Tongde"). This book systematically absorbed the theory of yin and Yang, five elements and Chenwei, and formed the main argument of the school of Jinwen Jing, which is a further development of Confucian mysticism philosophy since Dong Zhongshu Step by step. The reform of the calendar began with the quartile calendar written by Li Fan and others.

nation

During the reign of Emperor Han and Ming, ban Chao was ordered to send envoys to the western regions, and the central government established Duhufu there. However, there are still constant wars and chaos in the region, and the situation is not calm. At the beginning of Liu Ji's accession to the throne, the border was in chaos again. Yanqi, kuci and Cheshi united with the northern Xiongnu to attack the military and political stations of the central government. The situation was rather tight.

Liu Jiong summoned his officials to discuss the countermeasures, but all of them wanted to postpone. Only situ Bao Xianli immediately reinforced them. Liu Ji adopted Bao Xian's advice and sent troops to the west to save the border crisis. However, as for whether to continue to operate the western regions, Liu was hesitant, and the ministers also had disputes. Because of the difficulties in manpower and material resources, Liu Gong finally gave up the western regions and ordered the Han Dynasty people who stayed in the western regions to return home.

At this time, ban Chao lived in Shule country, and also received an edict to retreat. He packed his bags, prepared his horses, and prepared to return to his motherland. Living in the western regions for many years, he was a bit reluctant to part with, and the people of the western regions also loved and respected him. Hearing that ban Chao was going to return to China, the people of Shule were worried because ban Chao had a way to deal with the Xiongnu. Once ban Chao left, there would be no peace for ever. The commander of Shule drew out his long sword and wept. He sighed to Tianchang: "the envoys of Han Dynasty abandoned me. Our country will be destroyed by Xiongnu. Instead of dying the next day, it's better to follow the Han emissary and send him back today! " After that, he committed suicide with a knife.

Although ban Chao was hard to part with, Wang's life was in him, so he had to turn east. Soon after arriving in Khotan, the people of Khotan blocked the road to meet ban Chao. When they heard that he was going to return to the East, they all broke down and cried bitterly. The people nearby were holding the legs of ban Chao's horse and wouldn't let him leave. Ban Chao had no choice but to stay. At the same time, he wrote to Liu Ji, asking him to stay in the western regions. Liu Ji agreed to ban Chao's request.

Ban Chao united the people of all ethnic groups in the western regions and effectively curbed the invasion of the northern Huns. All the countries in the western regions except Kucha were willing to submit to the Han Dynasty. In the sixth year of the founding of the people's Republic of China (81), ban Chao wrote a letter to Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty in Shule, asking for the support of troops to subdue kuci and realize the strategic intention of "breaking the right arm of the Huns". Liu Ji supported ban Chao's plan and recruited officials to go there. At the right time, Xu Gan, a native of Pingling, volunteered to write a letter to the court and was willing to contribute to a foreign land. Liu Ji was overjoyed and immediately ordered him to be a fake Sima, leading an expeditionary army of more than 1000 people to the west to help ban Chao.

Among all the countries in the western regions, Wusun was the most powerful. Ban Chao asked Liu Ji to send an envoy to pay homage to King Wusun. Liu Ji agreed to send envoys to Wusun. King Wusun was very happy. In the eighth year of the founding of the people's Republic of China (AD 83), he sent envoys to pay a return visit to the Han Dynasty to express his friendship. In the western regions, the Han Dynasty received the support of such a big country, which Liu Ji was very pleased with. So he promoted ban Chao to be the commander of the army and granted him the power to act on behalf of the Eastern Han government in the western regions.

Because of the close contact with the central government of the Han Dynasty, especially the attachment of Wusun, banchao's prestige in the western regions increased greatly. All the countries in the western regions were willing to accept banchao's control, which paved the way for the later Eastern Han government to open up close contacts with the western regions again.

Historical evaluation

Cao Pi: Emperor Chacha of Ming Dynasty, the elder of emperor Zhang.

Fan Ye: first, Emperor Zhang knew people and hated Emperor Ming's strictness

Chinese PinYin : Han Zhang Di