Xi Zhong

Xi Zhong

Xi Zhong, surnamed Ren, surnamed Xi, was born in the state of Xue (now Guanqiao Town, Tengzhou City, Shandong Province) and belongs to the Dongyi nationality. Craftsman in the Xia Dynasty, the descendant of emperor Jun, is a great inventor in ancient China. He is regarded as the God of chariot and one of the ancestors of Xue.

"Teng county annals" records: at the time of Xia Yu, he invented two wheeled carriage. He made great contributions to the construction of the car. He was worshipped as the doctor of the car service ("Che Zheng"), and was granted the title of marquis Xue.

Life of the characters

It is said that Panyu invented the boat. Xi Zhongju lived in Xuedi (now Guanqiao, Zaozhuang, Shandong). In the Xia Dynasty, Xi Zhong was in charge of the official position of Che Fu (Du's note), so Xia Yu, the emperor of the Xia Dynasty, granted Xue Di to him. Xi Zhongsheng Jiguang, who started with wood. Taking wood as the vehicle, Gai was still in charge of the old duty, so later generations also called Xi Zhong Zao Che Yun (Xunzi).

Xi Zhong first lived in Xue, then moved to PI (Zuo Zhuan). In the early years of the Shang Dynasty, sun Zhonghui, the twelfth emperor of Xi Zhong, lived in Xue and served as the left Prime Minister of Shang Tang. (history of the road).

Main achievements

The invention of the carriage is a great innovation in the history of Chinese science and technology. It not only solves the backward traffic problems, but also promotes the development of road facilities, and expands the activities of trade, transportation and cultural exchange.

Who invented the first carriage in the world? There has always been controversy about this issue in the field of history.

According to the research of Lu's Chunqiu Tongquan · shenfenlan · Junshou, Xi Zhong was the Che Zheng at the time of Xia Yu, who was in charge of all the affairs of Che Fu. It is said that his surname was Ren. He was the creator of Che after the Yellow Emperor and the ancestor of Xue state in the spring and Autumn period. Although there has been a saying that Xuanyuan made a car, there are many historical records about "Xi Zhong made a car", such as Zuozhuan, Xunzi, ShuoWenJieZi, Tongzhi clan and Gangjian yizhilu. According to the records of Teng County, "when Xia Yu was in power, he was granted the title of Xue state and the official of Che Fu of Yu emperor. Xi Zhongsheng Jiguang, who started with wood. It was also called Xi Zhong's car making Li Xueqin, chief scientist of China's Xia Shang Zhou dating project, said that according to the records, Xi Zhong's "car" should be a carriage with certain technical standards and great innovation. After textual research, the Chinese society of pre Qin history, the Chinese Society for the promotion of cultural industry, the Chinese society of automotive engineering, and the China Association of automotive industry all agree that Xi village, Taozhuang Town, Xuecheng District, Zaozhuang City, is the residence of Xi Zhong, the Xia "Che Zheng" who lived more than 4000 years ago and invented the carriage as the "originator of making cars".

According to Cihai notes, "car, a means of transportation on land with wheels.". In the "general history of the world", it is written: as early as thousands of years ago, the ancient Egyptians knew how to use logs to carry stones and other heavy objects. Later, people got enlightenment from the rolling of logs. They would saw big trees into discs to make wheels, and then install a sled between two logs to make two wheeled cars. The documentary evidence is that the wooden wheels with complete sections, frames, rims and axles were excavated from the ruins of Babylon, Cuba, more than 4000 years ago. At about the same time, in the era of the Yellow Emperor of China, there were human and horse drawn vehicles, as well as a kind of chariot with large rim and axle to transport soldiers.

According to Zuozhuan, in 2250 BC, during the period of Dayu in the early Xia Dynasty, Xi Zhong made the world's first car, which was equipped with frame, axle and trunk. In order to maintain balance, he used left and right wheels. Mozi also mentions in the chapter of "non Confucianism" that "left Yi makes bow, son makes Jia, Xi Zhong makes cart and skillfully hangs boat". It can be seen that Xi Zhong was reliable in making cars. Later, many documents said that "the Yellow Emperor had a long way to go in building cars.". There is no reliable record of this legend in Zuo Zhuan and Mozi. Liu Xianzhou, an expert in classical mechanics, confirmed that "the carriage began between Yao and shun.". If we believe that it originated from Xi Zhong, then it further developed into horse training and cart pulling in this era. Since then, it has promoted social development.

Character evaluation

Ode to Xi Zhong

The sun and the moon set an example, and the sky was shining through the ages; the image of Heluo was visible, and the eight trigrams extended to infinity. Ginseng heaven and earth, three have spirit. Wood as a wheel, Xuanyuan Tiangong. Transport to the horse, Zhuo ran Xi Zhong. The Pythagorean curve was straight and the normal shape was prepared. Lead heavy to far, speed and light. Vast, convenient, rolling, smooth five continents.

The sun rises high in view of the man, rising in Fusang; the rolling wood and stone are smooth. There is a poetic heart in the margin, and the round is brewing. It is bright and beautiful. If it's not the most holy wisdom, how can it make the weather strong. Humanity is formed by means of transformation, and the glory of the sun and the moon is covered by banners and drums. Continuous germination, no end; long lasting, there is a way to share. Xinxin plain, a flat; Xixi mountains and rivers, four neighbors face each other.

The great Yu of Fu Xia came here, and he was diligent in seeking advice. To enrich the law of governing the country, and to make the country prosperous. If you are not proud of your achievements, you should persuade your virtue to be upright with chariots; if you are respectful of Tianfu, you should skillfully Admonish your virtue to be round with Tao. Car to small world, wheel to extend space. If it doesn't exist, the world will be discordant; if it comes out, it will be bright far and near. Therefore, when all kinds of work are done, it depends on the way of communication; the order of all directions is based on benevolence. Because of his outstanding achievements, he created the state of Xue; he borrowed his name from the chariot and felt the heaven sincerely.

The driver of the car is also the symbol of etiquette. If you have great virtue, you will take great courage. Holding music for the emperor, holding virtue for the car. He helped Shi leisurely, and advocated purity without covering; he drove with a certain degree, and worshipped Banghe. To be strict is to be perfect, and to be meritorious is to be successful. It was Xi Zhong's virtue that made it possible for him to make the best use of time.

It is true that Xi Zhong is a famous chariot God. It helps Xia to connect the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, and develops Xia yunei and humanists. The clouds are clear, the auspicious light sighs, the Xue water is clear, and Lu Ban drinks and thinks. Germany worships them as ancestors, and Europe and America worship them as gods. Those who come here hope to be chased, but who can take charge of the latter? Do not forget my ancestors, worship emperor benevolence.

The poem praises the Wei Wei Xianshan mountain and the numerous temples and nunneries. The pilgrimage is endless. The Xue river is rippling and the oars are swaying; the common people enjoy their work and enjoy their happiness. Ancient Sui civilization, the development of xiapi. The scholars are influenced by their achievements. It is famous all over the world. I have mixed feelings when I read Xi Sheng. Think of Zude and follow his spirit. Everbright is the pioneer of China. (Xue Peizhong, a descendant of Xi Zhong, Xue Gang)

Anecdotes and allusions

Old city of Xue state

Xue Guo is near the 344 provincial road east of Zhangwang Town, Tengzhou City, Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province. "Qi Cheng" says: "its city is extremely high and thick, in order to resist Chu and Wei.". "Teng county annals historical sites research" records that "Xue Cheng, in the north of Xue, 18 Li on Tuesday, was granted by ancient Xi Zhong, and the city was built by Tian wenzeng."

Although the ancient state of Xue has experienced two or three thousand years of great changes, the city outline is basically well preserved, which is a relatively complete ancient city site in China. Therefore, in 1988, it was announced by the State Council as the third batch of key cultural relics protection units in China, and it is also the most important cultural relics in Zaozhuang city except for Yangcheng.

At the southeast corner of the old city of Xue state, in the underground field named "Royal Garden" in the center of the inner city, an ancient city in the late Longshan culture corresponding to the period of Xi Zhongfeng was excavated at the end of last century, which is called the palace city of Xue state in the period of Longshan culture. Not only in the literature, but also in the archaeological evidence, also confirmed the fact that Xi Zhong was granted Xue.

Investigation of native place

It turns out that Xi Zhong is a celebrity, but we pay too little attention to him, and even forget him. Well, let's have a good talk with our fellow townsman of Tengzhou, Zaozhuang.

1： Who is Xi Zhong?

In the textual research of ancient books, Xu Shen, a scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty, explained the word "Che" in Shuowen: "Che, the general name of Yu Lun, was made by Xi Zhong after the summer." Gu yewang, a scholar and historian between Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty, also mentioned Xi Zhong's name in the book "jade chapter · Che bu". The book says: "Che, in summer, Xi Zhong made Che, which is also called Che Gong." Liu Xiang of the Han Dynasty also said in his Shiben Zuozhuan: "Xi Zhong made a car." Since then, all kinds of books have attributed the making of cars to Xi Zhongzhi, leaving behind the idiom "Xi Zhong makes cars". So who is Xi Zhong? The inventor of Xi Zhongche can have no objection. Then let's talk about the second question, Xi Zhong, who is the person?

2： When and where is Xi Zhong?

According to Xu Shen, Xi Zhong was born after Xia. Xia Hou, also known as "Xia Hou Shi", is another name of the national name "Xia" created by Dayu. It seems that Xi Zhong should be from Xia Dynasty.

As for who was in the summer, there was a brief introduction in the 1936 edition of Cihai: "Xi Zhong, car maker, Empress of the Yellow Emperor. Ren Che Zheng lived in Xue and moved to PI. " In the revised edition after the founding of the people's Republic of China, such an explanation has been added to "Xue" -- the southeast of Tengzhou City in Zaozhuang, Shandong Province. Looking at other books in the late Qing Dynasty, we can't find anything other than Xue. So it seems that the saying that Mr. Xi Zhong is "Xue" in the southeast of Tengzhou City, Shandong Province today is also tenable. Well, please come and explore this "Xue" place.

3： Is Xue the modern Xue City?

When it comes to Xue, people can't help thinking that he is also in Xuecheng District, Southeast of Tengzhou. So some people think that Xi Zhong is from Xuecheng, and it's inevitable that the title of "Xi Zhong's hometown, Jiangbei water town" will be written on Xuecheng's e-government website.

Is it the hometown of Xue Zhongxi? No. Xuecheng district originally had another name, Lincheng county. According to Shandong annals: "in 468, Yongxing County ruled this area. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Lincheng post was set up, and xianzuo was set up in the early Republic of China, all belonging to Teng County. " From this point of view, Lincheng county has some history. Why did it change its name to Xuecheng later?

It turned out that after the founding of the people's Republic of China, in order to facilitate postal communication, the state reorganized the local areas and renamed some cities with similar or identical names. Unfortunately, Lincheng in Shandong and Lincheng in Hebei had the same name.

When it comes to Lincheng in Hebei, it is also a famous ancient county. "Zhao Ji Ben Lin" in spring's Zuo Zhuan AI Gong Si Nian refers to the Lincheng. In view of this, we should

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