Gu Kuang

Gu Kuang

Gu Kuang, named Weng, was named Huayang Zhenyi (Yin), Haiyan County, Suzhou (now Haiyan County, Zhejiang Province). Tang Dynasty minister, poet, painter, connoisseur.

In 757, he moved to the University of Langde to teach. Zhenyuan two years (787), served as the town Navy (Han Fu) section judge, responsible for the transport of money and grain. He was introduced by Prime Minister Li Mi and served as the assistant to his works. He wrote poems to ridicule dignitaries and was demoted to Raozhou Si Hu.

In his later years, he lived in seclusion in Maoshan, where he was light as a feather. He died at home and lived 94 years. He was a pioneer of the new Yuefu Poetry Movement. He has 20 volumes of Huayang collection. He is good at landscape painting. His works, such as "painting review" and "literary theory", have been lost.

Life of the characters

Gu Kuang in Zhide two years (757), ascended Jinshi. From the second year of Jianzhong (781) to the second year of Zhenyuan (786), Han Fu was appointed as the shogunate magistrate when he was the governor of Runzhou and the governor of Zhenhai. In the third year of Zhenyuan, he was recommended by Li Mi, and was able to enter the court as a writer. In the fifth year of Zhenyuan, Li mi died, and he was demoted to join the army in March and April of that year. It is said that he was demoted because he was "proud to destroy the imperial column" (Li Zhao's supplement to the history of the Tang Dynasty) and "unable to be obedient to others" (Huangfu's preface to Gu Kuang's poetry collection). When he was demoted to Suzhou, he had a poem with Wei Yingwu. He left Raozhou in the 10th year of Zhenyuan and settled in Maoshan in his later years. In the 16th year of Zhenyuan, huangfushi met him in Yangzhou (preface to Gu Kuang's poetry collection). In the sixth year of Dali (771), he served as a salt supervisor in Yongjia. He wrote a book called Xianyou Ji, which describes Li Ting in the upper reaches of Feiyun River. He went up to the mountain to cut down trees, lost his way, and met with sacrificial water. There were farmland, spring bamboo, fruit, multi span frame, and more than 300 families.

Anecdotes and allusions

On the year of birth and death

Gu Kuang was born and died in 725-814, the 13th year of Kaiyuan. However, according to Dong Fu, Huang Bosi of Song Dynasty and Gu Yanwu of Qing Dynasty, it was not written by Gu Kuang. Based on Gu Kuang's preface to sending Xuanshe, liyatui and balang envoys to the east capital, it can be concluded that Gu Kuang was still alive about 50 years after he ascended the throne in 757, that is, around 806. According to the latest research of Jiang Yin and Zhao Changping, Gu Kuang was still alive until the end of Yuanhe.

Appreciation of Bai Juyi

Bai Juyi, a Shangshu, first arrived in Beijing and paid homage to his works with poems. Kuang saw his name and looked at Baigong very well. He said, "the price of rice is expensive, and it's easy to live in." In one year, withers and thrives once each year, lush grass on the plains. The wildfires are endless, and the spring breeze blows again. " However, he said, "if you have a word for Tao, it will be easy to live in it." Because of its reputation, its reputation has been greatly improved.

——Leisurely preaching

notes

Love in red leaves

Gu Kuang, a great poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote: "when the flowers fall deep, the palace warblers are sad, and the maids of Shangyang are heartbroken. If you don't shut up the East water, you can write poems on the leaves to whom you want to send them. " (poems on leaves flow out of the garden) is a famous idiom "red leaves convey love", but it is a anecdote of the poet's personal experience. It is said that one autumn in the reign of Tang Tianbao, Gu Kuang, a young poet in Luoyang, found a piece of red leaf flowing from the waterway of Shangyang palace, where the royal palace maids lived, to Xiachi Village (now xixiachi village in Luoyang City). On the leaf, there was a sad poem inscribed by the palace maids: "once you enter the deep palace, you don't see spring every year. Talk about a leaf and send it to your lover." (Tianbao palace people "title Luoyuan Wu Ye Shang"). The poet with love also wrote a poem on the red leaf, and passed the red leaf into the palace from the upper pool. He actually got in touch with the sad maid. Since then, Gu Kuang and the palace maid often rely on the red leaves to convey their feelings of love. Shortly after the Tang Anshi Rebellion (AD 755), the officers and soldiers failed in the 60 day "Luoyang defense war" to resist the rebel Anlu mountain. Gu Kuang took advantage of the war to find the palace maid who passed the poem with him and escaped from the Shangyang palace. The two men were married until they were old. Since then, red leaf has been regarded as a symbol of unswerving love and has been sung to this day. This sweet love story, also known as "Xiachi anecdote", has spread in the ancient city of Luoyang.

Linhai New Pavilion prison

Gu Kuang received Buddhist scriptures from his uncle Qijue monk when he was a child. He was not only a scholar, but also a famous poet and monk in Southeast China. Later, he moved to Hengshan of Haiyan in Suzhou, so he was called Haiyan people in history books. In the second year of Zhide (757), Gu Kuang became a scholar. He was 33 years old. He finally wrote Zuo Lang, a famous writer. When he was in Xinting prison, Fu xuancong's collation notes on the biography of talented scholars of Tang Dynasty changed from the Ming people's view of "before Zhongju"; nowadays, the academic circle generally agreed that the period of 24 years from the second year of Tang Zhide (757) to the second year of Jianzhong (781) or later to join the shogunate of Hanfu Jiedushi was too long and extensive.

Xinting salt supervisor, located in Linhai, was the distribution center of Taizhou salt exported to Chuzhou, Wuzhou and Quzhou in Tang Dynasty, and was one of the top ten salt supervisors in Jiangnan at that time. Gu Kuang's pursuit of knowledge about the new pavilion prison was first seen in Li Chuo's Shangshu Gushi of the Tang Dynasty, which said: "Gu Kuang, the character of" Weng ", has a spare time in writing and writing, and also attacks small pen. After tasting the new pavilion supervisor for knowledge, people may ask him, saying: "I want to write about the appearance of the sea, the mountain and the ear." Wang Mo, who is still good at painting, is the vice-president. " Xintingjian was set up in Qianyuan period of Tang Dynasty. In the first year of the Qianyuan Dynasty (758), salt and iron coins made Di Wuqi change into salt method at the beginning, and set up a prison in a place where mountains, seas, wells and stoves were near profits Wu, Yue, Yang and Chu salt towns "have Lianshui, Huzhou, Yuezhou and Hangzhou, and Jiaxing, hailing, Yancheng, Xinting, Linping, Lanting, Yongjia, Taichang, Houguan and Fudu ten prisons.". At the age of 10, he received more than one million yuan (1000 yuan each) to be the tax of more than one hundred states. " Zhixin Pavilion ranks fourth among the ten prisons. Salt supervision is an organization that administers salt tax and salt industry. The new pavilion is located in Linhai. The article in the seventh volume of Jiading Chicheng annals (Chengwu · Linhai) by Chen Qiqing of the Southern Song Dynasty says: "the new pavilion supervisor is sixty miles southeast of the county, and now it is abandoned. In the second year of Qianfu (875), the new pavilion supervisor gave the official Mo Congyi to rebuild the hall According to Chi Cheng Zhi, it is the earliest extant local chronicle in Taizhou. The new pavilion supervisor attached to the name of Linhai county belongs to Linhai county. It is also recorded in the 13th volume of Linhai county annals of the Republic of China, Guanshi · lingzuo · Yanjian: "Tianbao: Gukuang (attached with the article of Gukuang in Li Chuo's Shangshu Gushi); the second year of Qianfu: Mo Congyi of Wuyue; yuandezhao (worshipped empress Qian Liu as Prime Minister of Wuyue)" Gu Kuang was listed as the first supervisor of Xinting, but he was wrong in the "Tianbao" year, and the record of "Qianyuan" in the new book of Tang Dynasty was correct.

Xinting prison lasted about 200 years from Xining to Xuanhe in Northern Song Dynasty. According to the old records, in 1070, Dudu dam was built because of the new deposition and the old cultivation, and the salt producing area moved eastward. In 1122, the government set up the South (in Huangyan) and the North (in Taozhu) two supervisors, built the Dudu salt farm and belonged to the North supervisor. Zhang Jin inspected the pavilion farm, and the new pavilion salt supervisor died here.

Historians have always felt vague about the new Tingjian era. In addition to the local records mentioned above, Gu Kuang's trip to Linhai is intrinsically related to his three poems of Linhai and from Shanxi to Chicheng, which are included in volume 267 of complete Tang poetry and Hongmai of Song Dynasty's ten thousand quatrains of Tang people. Let's take the poem from Shanxi to Chicheng as an example

Lingxi's home is next to Lingshan, and its tall buildings are leisurely to the moon.

In the dream of the crane in the middle of the night, he hesitates in the room of Qin Qudong.

Shanxi in Xinchang, Chicheng in Tiantai. From Shanxi of Xinchang to Tiantai, Li Bai and Du Fu traveled the same route. "Lingxi lodging" in the poem means that Gu Kuang once stayed at Lingxi post near Lingxi on his way from Tiantai to Linhai, also known as Lingxi Pavilion. "Jiading Chicheng annals" Volume 3: "Lingxi post (Tiantai) is 20 Li East of the county. The old route to Beijing is here, but now it is in Tingtou. Later, it was changed from the east gate, so it was abolished. Zheng Chao of the Tang Dynasty has a poem "night park", which says: "lonely chanting on a rainy night, desolate Pavilion in front of the peak" "Sliding down from Huading, the tree connects with Chicheng." (see Kangxi's Tiantai county annals and Yongzheng's Zhejiang Tongzhi) Gu Kuang's later Dahe poet Xu Hun also wrote the poem "falingxiguan": "there are many mountains and endless waters, and one leaf looks like a fisherman." In Gu Kuang's poems, "Chicheng" is the scenic spot of Tiantai Mountain, and "Lingshan" is Tiantai Mountain. Lingxi post is the turning point of land and water transportation. It is connected with the mountain road from Xinchang to Tiantai, and the Shifeng River (the main tributary of Lingjiang River) that runs smoothly by boat. It can directly reach the west gate port of Taizhou city. It seems that Gu Kuang first visited Chicheng mountain and other scenic spots in Tiantai Chengguan, then stayed at Lingxi post station at night, and then went from waterway to Linhai. Gu Kuang has never visited Tiantai or Linhai for many times in history, so he must have taken office in Xinting. Although the poem has not been written in the same era, it is not difficult to understand when reading one of the poems in Linhai

This was the battlefield in the past, and it was once the only place where people could travel forever.

Thousands of families are silent, but Tingzhou is the only place where spring grass grows.

In this poem, such words as "battle area" and "Jue Ren Xing" are used to describe the miserable scenes of the people's lives after the uprising against Yuan Chao in Taizhou at that time. "CEFU Yuangui" Volume 122: "in August of the first year of emperor BAOYING's reign (762), Li Jian (yuan Chao), the commander-in-chief of Taizhou thieves, captured Taizhou, and Shi Xu, the assassin of Taizhou, escaped because he was trapped in all the counties in eastern Zhejiang." In the second year of Baoying (763), Xia yuan Chao was defeated and captured, and was killed in November. Shi Zheng confirms this. It can be inferred that Kuang to Linhai was at the end of the second year of Baoying (763) or later. Rereading the second poem of Linhai house:

This is not a long way to Linxi (Lingxi). The red city sign can be seen in the building.

I don't know who can cross the stone bridge in the heavy clouds.

Kuang left Lingxi and arrived at the coastal area of Taizhou. He visited Jinshan with his friends. There are two peaks in Jinshan, also known as Shuang'ao. It's said that the emperor huazhenxiu in Jin Dynasty

Chinese PinYin : Gu Kuang