Shi Yukun

Shi Yukun

Shi Yukun, the owner of haowenzhu, is a novelist of Qing Dynasty. He is good at storytelling and is known as "Mr. Shi" or "Mr. Shi Sanye". He was born in the late Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty and died about ten years after Tongzhi.

He was good at talking about the case of Baogong (also known as "longtugong case"), and then reorganized it into 120 chapters of "three chivalrous men and five righteous men" (also known as "biography of chivalrous heroes").

Life of the characters

Shi Yukun, a native of Beijing, is a salt merchant. His life story is unknown. He asked the owner of bamboo. He was born in the late Qianlong period. Some researchers infer that "Shi's birth date should be before the 52nd year of Qianlong (1787) at the latest.". He lived mainly in the years of Jiaqing and Daoguang, and was also called Mr. Shi or Mr. Shi Sanye at that time. According to the information we have, most of the records about Shi Yukun are after he became famous. Fucha Guiqing, who lived from Qianlong to Daoguang, once wrote a poem in praise of Shi Yukun. The preface of the poem says: "Shi was born in Yukun and worked in liujingting for nearly 20 years." According to Wu Yinghua and Wu Shaoying, who disclosed the poem, "judging from the order of the poem in the anthology, it is regarded as 17 years ago.". According to this inference, it can be seen that Shi Yukun became famous at least in the early years of Daoguang. In fact, Shi Yukun may have become famous even earlier. In the qingshengping troupe of the fourth year of Daoguang (1824), there are many important items in the three heroes and five righteousness, such as qionglin banquet, three heroes and five righteousness, yuhou, huabutterfly, wupenji, ChenLin Baohe, Tuokou Chengyu, etc. Liu Shide and Deng Shaoji think that there are nine stories, but because some stories have been spread in previous operas, not all of them are directly from the "three heroes and five righteousness", but the "three heroes and five righteousness" and "flower butterfly" come from this, which is no problem. There is no doubt that "three heroes and five righteousness" was first created by Shi Yukun. From then on, the material of traditional Chinese opera must have been after Sanxia Wuyi was widely spread. According to the general law of rap industry in Qing Dynasty, he must go through a period of apprenticeship training before becoming famous. In this way, even if Shi Yukun had a high talent and became famous very early, he had to be at least 20 or 30 years old when he became famous. As one researcher said: "this is not a novice who has been on the stage for three or two years. To say the least,

Even if he became famous at the age of 20, he would be born around 1800.

”The author thinks that this inference is credible. Therefore,

Even if some conservative estimates, Shi Yukun was born at the end of Qianlong

. Some researchers also infer that "Shi's birth date should be before the 52nd year of Qianlong (1787) at the latest", which is generally realistic.

Artistic achievements

Creation of the classic "three heroes and five righteousness"

Shi Yukun's "three swordsmen and five righteousness" is known as the originator of Chinese martial arts novels, which has a great influence in the history of Chinese literature. "Three chivalrous and five righteous" was originally called "the biography of chivalrous heroes", 120 chapters. It was first published in 1879, and was written by Shi Yukun. At the beginning of the volume, there are two prefaces: asking the master of bamboo (Shi Yukun) and two prefaces: retreating the master and enchanting the Taoist.

Content outline

The novel "three chivalrous men and five righteous men" tells the story of Bao Zheng in Song Dynasty who tried strange cases and redressed unjust sentences with the help of chivalrous men and righteous men, and chivalrous men and righteous men helped the government to get rid of the evil and uphold justice. The image of an honest and upright official who is selfless and fearless of power is portrayed in the book, which reflects the wishes of the people in a tortuous way. The plots, including fair and unjust imprisonment, "Ji Pang Yu" and "expelling vassal kings", exposed the darkness of feudal rule to a certain extent and showed the struggle spirit of the people. The book is interspersed with a large number of chivalrous activities. They not only see injustice and help each other, but also show their loyalty to the ruling class. The appearance of it shows the complete confluence of the modern traditional case novels and chivalrous novels. The content of the novel is roughly divided into two parts. The first 23 chapters are about the birth of Bao Gong and the settlement of the case. The last 97 chapters are about Bai Yutang, Zhan Zhao, Jiang Ping, Han Zhang, Ou Yangchun and others who helped Bao Gong and Yan chasan to uphold the justice of the Northern Song Dynasty.

In Suzhou, Yu Yue, a modern scholar, read "three swordsmen and five righteousness" and praised it with great admiration: "Fang can be regarded as another kind of pen and ink between heaven and earth!" In his opinion, the first chapter of the book "exchanging civet cat for Prince" was "totally involved", so he "revised the popular theory according to historical biography" and rewritten the first chapter. The three chivalrous men, namely, the southern chivalry, the Royal cat Zhan Zhao Zhan Xiong Fei, the northern chivalry, the purple bearded uncle Ou Yangchun, and the double chivalry, Ding Zhaolan and Ding Zhaohui, are combined into one chivalry. In fact, they are four chivalrous men, including AI Hu, Zhihua, and Shen Zhongyuan. The original five rats, namely Lu Fang, Han Zhang, Xu Qing, Jiang Ping, and Bai Yutang, are still five righteous men. The title of the book was changed to seven chivalrous men and five righteousness, which was published in the 10th year of Guangxu. However, this change has been questioned by many people in the literary world. Lu Xun and Hu Shi all think that Yu Yue's modified version is not as good as the original. For example, Lu Xun wrote to Hu Shi on December 28, 1923: "I think there are still several books that can be reprinted. First, the original version of "three heroes and five righteousness" should be used, and the first chapter modified by Yu Quyuan should be attached In 1925, Yadong library reprinted "three heroes and five righteousness" using the original. Hu Shi's preface clearly points out that "the three heroes and five righteousness" is better than Mr. Qu Yuan's revised version. Even Mr. Qu Yuan's most dissatisfied first edition is far better than the revised edition. In recent years, the new play "civet cat for Prince" has been compiled in Shanghai Opera garden. The first copy of the new play is based on the first chapter of "three heroes and five righteousness". It can be seen that the Beijing Opera Troupe still can't forget the influence of "three heroes and five righteousness". It can also be seen that the first chapter of the revised version has deleted the vivid description, so it has no literary interest and is not suitable for drama performance. This time, Yadong library asked Mr. Yu Pingbo to punctuate this book, using "three heroes and five righteousness" as the base book. In the future, this book will be used again in junior high school, so that many readers will know what this novel was like. So now there are two kinds of names "three heroes and five righteousness" and "seven heroes and five righteousness".

In a brief history of Chinese novels, Lu Xun gave a positive comment on Shi Yukun's story of "three chivalrous men and five righteousness" which "writes the heart for the common people" and pointed out its historical limitations. He emphasized that "three chivalrous men and five righteousness" and its sequels, drawing sound and things, are very common words It is the chivalrous novel in the Qing Dynasty, which is in the right vein of the story book of Song Dynasty, and has been revived after more than 700 years of civilian literature. "

A brief history of Chinese novels evaluates the sound like objects drawn in the three heroes and five righteousness, which retains the bright, vivid and colloquial features of the art of speaking since the song and Yuan Dynasties. It depicts the characters and describes the environment, which can be closely combined with the development of the plot. In particular, the depiction of chivalrous and righteous men has its own characteristics, personality and worldly life. Lu Xun said that this book "only writes about the heroes of the grass and the wild. They are always full of spirit, sometimes set against the state of the world, and sometimes mixed with humor, which makes the rash man extraordinarily colorful.".

Cultural influence

As the earliest martial arts work with real significance in China, "three swordsmen and five righteousness" has a far-reaching influence on Modern Chinese storytelling, martial arts novels and even literature and art. It can be called the originator of martial arts novels, and thus set off the climax of all kinds of martial arts literature works. The description of martial arts skills (such as acupoints, concealed weapons, sword Jue, Sabre technique, lightness skill, vertical lifting technique, etc.), activities in the river and the lake (such as stuffy incense, baibaobao, qianlihuo, night walking clothes, human skin mask, etc.) and organ ambush (such as Bagua lianhuanbao) in Sanxia Wuyi all have a decisive influence on the content and material of later martial arts novels. Since then, there have been many well-known novels, such as "Wu chivalrous swordsman" and "Wu chivalrous swordsman" by the end of the Republic of China The martial arts novels of Jin Yong and Gu Long in Taiwan are all under its influence.

Many stories of chivalrous novels, such as three chivalrous men and five righteous men, have become the source of themes of all kinds of operas. For example, Beijing Opera "Da Luan Jia", "meet the Queen", "Beixia chuba", "Da Longpao", "five rats make trouble in Tokyo" and so on are all stories of "three heroes and five righteousness". The plot of "three heroes and five righteousness" is complicated, winding and clear, and the language is popular. It retains the lively and straightforward characteristics of storytelling art since the song and Yuan Dynasties, and has had a wide influence on the later public case novels. Later, the sequels such as the biography of the chivalrous, the seven chivalrous and the five righteous, the little five righteous, the little five righteous, the follow-up little five righteous, and the little five righteous were all directly influenced by them.

In addition to the original edition, the three heroes and five righteousness was printed in lead after the founding of the people's Republic of China. "Seven heroes and five righteousness" is a printed version of Beijing baowentang in 1980.

The founder of Shi paishu is known as "the ancestor of single string"

Shi Yukun's performance is Zi Di Shu and Shan Xian. Some people call him "the ancestor of Shan Xian". According to the fact that most of the children's calligraphers at that time came from rich and noble families, some researchers believe that "Shi's family is definitely the children of Manchu and Qing Dynasty", which is reasonable, but it needs to be confirmed by more literature. Not only that, Shi Yukun also created a new art school - Shi paishu, also known as Shi Yunshu. According to Mr. Zhao Jingshen, among the brand songs, there are those with the name of Shi Yukun. From this, we can see that his performance was very popular at that time, so that some bookstores made profits by copying and selling by paragraph, and there was another catalogue, which was written by the important ones. Even the storytellers at that time praised Shi Yukun: "let's take the Third Master of Yu Kunshi as an example. How can we say nothing about him? He can't go out now

Chinese PinYin : Shi Yu Kun