Ma Hongkui

Ma Hongkui

Ma Hongkui (1892-january 14, 1970), a Hui nationality, was born in Hezhou, Gansu Province (now Linxia). He was one of the "four horses" of the northwest warlords. He first attached himself to Feng Yuxiang, then took refuge with Chiang Kai Shek. He served as the chairman of Ningxia Province for 17 years. He was known as the "local emperor" of Ningxia. He was awarded the rank of general of the army and won the first-class cloud flag medal and the medal of victory. During the Anti Japanese War, he was the deputy commander of the 8th theater and the commander in chief of the 17th group army, and later served as the deputy commander of the northwest military administration and the deputy director of the northwest Xingyuan.

Life of the characters

Ma Hongkui, whose name is Shaoyun, was born in Hezhou, Gansu Province in 1892. Senior general of the northwest army of the Kuomintang army. The rank of general is added to the rank of lieutenant general in the army. He graduated from Lanzhou Army school. he joined the alliance in his early years. In 1912, he was the commander of the new army in Ningxia. From 1914 to 1917, he served as the military officer of Yuan Shikai and Li Yuanhong. In 1919, after Duan Qirui came to power, Ma Hongkui was promoted to the commander of the fifth mixed brigade. In September 1926, Feng Yuxiang vowed to respond to the northern expedition of the south, and Ma Hongkui's Department was expanded into the fourth Route Army of the National Union army as commander in chief. At the beginning of 1927, he was reorganized into the Fourth Army of the first front army of the second group army of the National Revolutionary Army, with Ma Hongkui as the commander. He joined Chiang Kai Shek in 1929. When the Central Plains war broke out in May 1930, Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan United to fight against Chiang Kai Shek. Chiang Kai Shek expanded Ma Hongkui's Department into the 15th Route Army of the rebel army and appointed him commander in chief. In January 1931, Ma Hongkui's Department was transferred to Henan to take part in the attack on the revolutionary base areas of Hubei, Henan and Anhui. At the beginning of 1933, Ma Hongkui officially took office as chairman of Ningxia Province, and in September 1936, he was awarded the rank of general of the army. After the outbreak of the Anti Japanese War, Ma Hongkui became deputy commander of the 8th theater and commander in chief of the 17th group army. In December 1945, he served as deputy military and political officer and deputy director of Northwest Xingyuan. At the end of September 1949, Ma Hongkui fled to Taiwan. He was accused by Guo Jiqiao, the Vice Minister of Taiwan's "Ministry of national defense" and Ma Bufang's father and son, asking him to be responsible for the defeat in Northwest China. Soon after, he was "removed from office for investigation" and felt that he had no place to live in Taiwan, so he lied about going to the United States for medical treatment, and later lived in Los Angeles for a long time. Ma Hongkui died in Los Angeles on January 14, 1970. Ma Hongkui, born in 1892

Gansu Province

He Zhou (now Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province) Han Jiaji Yangwa village, Ma Fuxiang's eldest son and grandfather Ma Qianling, was called "Lianghui" by Zuo Zongtang for persuading Ma Zhanao (MA Qianling's nephew and son-in-law) to surrender to the Qing Dynasty during the Shaanxi Gansu Hui uprising in Tongzhi years. This is the reason why Ma Hongkui later said that his family "is not a rebellious Huihui.". In the early years of Guangxu, Ma Qianling's second son, Ma Fulu, was a member of Wuju and Wujinshi. Ma Fuxiang, the father of Ma Hongkui, inherited his elder brother's position and army after Ma Fulu died in the fight against the Eight Allied forces. Ma Hongbin is the son of Ma Fulu and Ma Hongkui is the son of Ma Fuxiang. Ma Hongkui was influenced by his family's emphasis on martial arts since he was a child. At the age of 18, he studied in Gansu Army school, participated in anti Qing activities, secretly joined the alliance, and was arrested and jailed by the Qing army. Ma Fuxiang was released on bail. Later Ma Fuxiang ordered him to join the army, and served as the instructor of "Zhaowu army". He led the cavalry in the camp and led the troops to stop Bai Lang. Yuan Shikai was awarded the rank of major general of the army for Ma Hongkui's meritorious service in encircling and suppressing Bai Lang. Later, in order to contain the warlords, Yuan Shikai ordered him to send his son to Beijing, and Ma Hongkui also served as a bodyguard. "Zhaowu army" was reorganized into "Ningxia new army" according to the order of Yuan Shikai. Ma Hongkui was appointed as the commander of the new army, but still served as the bodyguard in Beijing. After Yuan Shikai's death, Ma Hongkui succeeded Li Yuanhong as his military aide. Feng Guozhang was the acting president, while Ma Hongkui was still a military officer in Beijing because his father and Feng were brothers.

Ruling Ningxia

In November 1929, Ma Hongkui went north from Xinyang to take up his post. After taking charge of Ningxia, Ma Hongkui announced at the first provincial Congress that the four major policies of governing Ningxia were to clear the land, reorganize finance, establish Baojia and "encircle and suppress" the Red Army. The "Regulations on land and Mu clearance" was promulgated, and the land and Mu clearance was started throughout the province. Promulgated the "Regulations on the service of Baojia personnel in counties of Ningxia Province", and began to implement the Baojia system of serial affiliation in the whole province to guard against the Red Army. In the Bank of Ningxia, 3.45 million yuan of banknotes were privately printed, forcing people to exchange half of the old banknotes into new ones. During the period of Anti Japanese War, Ma Hongkui used to recruit a large number of soldiers with "three Ding draw one" and "five Ding draw two". When Ma Hongkui was in charge of Ningxia, he paid attention to the establishment of local education and complied with his father's will. In 1934, he built Ningxia Sino Arab school with Ma Fuxiang's heritage and established "Yunting middle school" named after Ma Fuxiang in his hometown. Chengda Normal University sponsored Baiyang 5000 yuan when the first students studying in Egypt went abroad. We organized the army to build a "Yunting canal" with a growth of more than 130 Li and irrigation area of more than 200000 mu in two years. Ma Hongkui's Ningma army, soldiers and generals also require "literacy 3000.". In August 1932, Chiang Kai Shek appointed Ma Hongkui as chairman of Ningxia Province. However, Ma Hongkui hoped to be the president of Henan Province and stayed in the Central Plains for a long time. Ningxia provincial government was represented by others. Chiang Kai Shek also intended to give him Henan territory. Later, because Liu Zhi reported that Ma Hongkui had delayed the military, Chiang Kai Shek changed his mind. Instead of publishing a new post, he oppressed Ma Hongkui with Liu Zhi. Ma was in a difficult situation and had no way to call for help (MA Fuxiang died in the summer of 1932). At this time, the political situation of Gansu and Ningxia was in disorder. Chiang Kai Shek asked him to return to Ningxia to take office, so he rushed back to the northwest. When he left Henan, at the command of Chiang Kai Shek, mahongkui's troops remained basically motionless and were taken over by mahongbin. Mahongbin's troops in Ningxia were handed over to mahongkui. The two sides exchanged serial numbers. Ma Hongkui took advantage of Jiang yunqi's ability to return to Ningxia with his troops directly under him. He selected excellent personnel overnight and hid excellent weapons. On a cold winter day, Ma Hongkui transported his troops to Baotou and then walked from Baotou to Ningxia. The teams left in Henan are just old, weak, sick and disabled. After that, Ma Hongbin stayed in Ningxia. Since then, there have been many contradictions between the two horses for their interests and military pay. At the beginning of 1933, Ma Hongkui was officially appointed chairman of Ningxia Province. He put forward two major administrative goals of "implementing the three principles of the people" and "eliminating tobacco and drug bandits", eight requirements of "code of conduct" for civil servants, and even regulations on the dress of officials and staff (all must be short dress). Ma Hongkui's real creed is that he often said: "if you have soldiers, you have power, and if you have power, you have money." All his activities were carried out for the purpose of "seizing troops", "seizing power" and "scraping money". In order to control the local political power alone, Ma Hongkui placed his cronies everywhere. At that time, the transportation of Ningxia was backward, the production was extremely underdeveloped, and the location was remote. Chiang Kai Shek felt that there was no need to control it too strictly. He decided that members, departments and directors of Ningxia provincial government, except the director of Education Department, should be nominated and recommended by Ma Hongkui himself. In spite of this, Ma still drove away five education directors sent by the Kuomintang government to Ningxia in a row, and finally Yang zuoreng, his own confidant, took office. Ma Hongkui was in charge of politics by the army and the party by the government. The Ningxia provincial and county Party departments of the Kuomintang were all under his control. Ma Hongkui has been practicing the so-called "joint office" in Ningxia for a long time. The personnel of his general headquarters and the competent departments of the provincial government come to Ma's office every morning to wait for summoning. The former goes out and the latter goes in, asking for instructions in turn. Ma Hongkui sat on the chair and gave orders according to his likes and dislikes. There are no chairs and stools beside his desk, and the callers can only stand and answer, just like a Mongolian boy reciting morning lessons. Officials and subordinates call this practice "Shangchao". When Ma went out, his second son Ma dunjing was responsible for military and political affairs. At this time, Ma dunjing went out of the general office of the provincial government, writing and criticizing official documents. His subordinate officials were as respectful as Ma Hongkui himself.

Take part in the war

The second Zhifeng war

On September 15, 1924, when the second Zhifeng war broke out, Ma Hongkui's headquarters were reorganized into the national army. With Feng Yuxiang's consent, the fifth mixed brigade was expanded into the new seventh division. Ma Hongkui succeeded the division commander and moved from Dengkou to Shizuizi, leaving Suiyuan to Feng Yuxiang's headquarters for garrison. Later, he was ordered to garrison Jinji and Lingwu, where he organized his troops and expanded his military resources. Dong Gong, the grandson of Dong Fuxiang, led a regiment to invest in Ma Hongkui. Then Li fengzao and Li Chengyin led their troops to invest in Ma Hongkui, and Ma Hongkui's strength greatly increased. In 1926, Feng Yuxiang vowed to appoint Ma Hongkui as commander of the fourth Route Army and division commander of the seventh division of the National Alliance Army, and soon became commander of the Xi'an garrison. After the defeat of the Zhilu allied forces, Ma Hongkui's troops collected a lot of weapons and equipment, and the troops were expanded and armed again. In the autumn of that year, he was ordered to send troops to aid Shaanxi. Under the influence of Communist Liu Zhidan (then director of the Political Department of Ma Hongkui's Department), he cooperated with the northern expedition, inclined to revolution and won the campaign of aid Shaanxi. In 1927, when Chiang Kai Shek was "cleaning up the party and suppressing the army", Ma Hongkui sent people to escort Liu Zhidan across the Yellow River to northern Shaanxi. In June, Feng Bu's Kuomintang army was reorganized into the second group army of the Kuomintang, and Ma Hongkui served as the commander in chief and commander of the fourth Route Army. The following year, the fourth army was reduced to the 17th division.

Central Plains war

In May 1929, Ma Hongkui, along with Han Fukui and Shi Yousan, sent a telegram to fight against Feng Yongjiang in Luoyang. Chiang Kai Shek immediately returned the telegram to reward him. He expanded the 17th division of Ma Hongkui's Department into the 11th army of the rebel army. Ma Hongkui served as the commander of the 64th division, commander of Zhengzhou garrison, and member of Henan provincial government. 300000 silver dollars and more than 1000 new guns were allocated to the army. In 1930, when Chiang, Feng and Yan fought in Central Plains, Ma Hongkui captured Tai'an City in Shandong Province and was promoted to commander in chief of the 15th Route Army and commander of Xuzhou police. Later, Tang Shengzhi, Shi Yousan and Han Fuzhe conspired against Chiang Kai Shek

Chinese PinYin : Ma Hong Kui