Mao Yuanyi

Mao Yuanyi

Mao Yuanyi (September 17, 1594-1640), whose name is Zhisheng, was named Shimin. He was also the Minister of Donghai, the master of mengge and the hero of banshishan. He was born in Guian (now Wuxing, Zhejiang Province) and was the grandson of Mao Kun.

He was fond of studying the military and agricultural methods when he was young. As an adult, he was familiar with the military strategy and the nine frontier fortress. He once served as an aide to Yang Hao, the right servant of the Ministry of war, who was in charge of Liaodong. Later, he was put in great use by sun Chengzong, the Minister of the Ministry of war. In the second year of Chongzhen's reign, he was promoted to deputy chief because of his military achievements. Zhizhou division garrisoned juehua island. He was convicted and sent to Zhangpu. He was worried about the state affairs and died of depression.

Mao Yuanyi witnessed the decline of military equipment. He repeatedly talked about the great plan of prosperity and strength. He collected more than 2000 books of military strategists and techniques, and compiled "military equipment records" after 15 years, which had a far-reaching influence on later generations.

(photo source: the portrait of Yan Ju, the stone Lord of Sima, Gui'an, painted by the people of Ming Dynasty)

Life of the characters

On August 4, the 22nd year of Wanli (September 17, 1594), Mao Yuanyi was born in a scholarly family. His grandfather Mao Kun was a famous litterateur, and his father Guojin (yizuojin) was a doctor in the Ministry of industry. Under the influence of his family, Mao Yuanyi was diligent, studious and well read since childhood, especially reading the works of soldiers and farmers. As an adult, he was familiar with military affairs, had a strategic mind, and was familiar with the "nine sides" along the Great Wall. When Mao Yuanyi was determined to serve the country, the Nuzhen nationality in Jianzhou, Northeast China, rose. Its leader Nurhachi established the post Jin regime in hetuala (now Xinbin, Liaoning Province) in 1616, calling himself the "destiny" of the Jin Dynasty. Two years later, under the pretext of "seven great hatreds", the army was set up to attack the Ming Dynasty. In Ming Dynasty, the eunuch party exercised power, the national fortune declined, and the combat effectiveness of the army was low. The news of defeat came one after another, which shocked the whole country. When he was anxious and angry, Mao Yuanyi worked hard to write books and theories, assiduously studied the military theories of the past dynasties, compiled the military equipment records, collected for many years, and the strategy of governing the country and pacifying the world, which was printed in the first year of Tianqi (1621). Since then, this young student has gained great fame, and was appointed as a praise painting in the name of knowing soldiers. With sun Chengzong, the commander of Liaodong, together with his colleagues Lu Shanji, yuan Chonghuan and sun Yuanhua, he investigated the terrain inside and outside Shanhaiguan, studied the enemy's situation, helped sun Chengzong fight against the attack of Houjin, and went to Jiangnan to raise warships to strengthen Liaodong Navy and improve the combat effectiveness of Ming army. Under the command of sun Chengzong, the Ming army recovered forty-five fortresses of nine cities in Liaodong, and Mao Yuanyi was recommended to the Imperial Academy for imperial edict. Due to Wei Zhongxian's autocracy, sun Chengzong was expelled from his post, and Mao Yuanyi was also removed from his post. In 1626, he died of illness and returned to the south. In October of the next year, Zhu Youjian became the emperor, then killed Wei Zhongxian, and the power of eunuch party was greatly weakened. Mao Yuanyi rushed to the capital city to present "Wubei Zhi" to the new emperor. Because he was slandered by the powerful minister Wang Zaijin and others, he was exiled to Jiangcun village in Dingxing (now Hebei). In the winter of the second year of Chongzhen (1629), the later Jin cavalry went straight to Beijing, and sun Chengzong was appointed to supervise the division again. Mao Yuanyi and dozens of other cavalry escorted sun Chengzong to break through from DongBianMen to TongZhou (now Tongxian County in Beijing), repelling the attack of the later Jin army and relieving the danger of Beijing. Mao Yuanyi was promoted to deputy commander in chief because of his merit, and was in charge of the navy of juehua Island (now Chrysanthemum Island in Xingcheng, Liaoning Province). Soon after, he was dismissed by Liang Tingdong, a powerful minister, and was sent to Zhangpu (now Fujian Province) by the warlords of Liaodong. Later, the military situation in Liaodong became urgent again. He asked to die for King Qin, but was obstructed by powerful officials. In 1640, he died of drinking. Yuan Yi is both literate and martial. He once took Yang Wan and Wang Wei, the famous prostitutes of Qinhuai, as concubines. At that time, he said: "when he was young, he came out of the West Wu, and became famous as beique Wen. The lower curtain is called the scholar, and the upper horse is the general. " He had a rich collection of books and had close contacts with scholars and book collectors such as Cao Xuequan, Dong Qichang and Tang Xianzu. He has compiled nine studies and ten chapters, which are divided into Confucian classics, history, Shuo Xue, primary school, military science, anthropology, mathematics and foreign studies. Yao Mingda, a bibliographer, thinks highly of this item. He thinks that the disadvantage of bibliography research is that he only knows bibliography, but does not study it. Whether there are categories depends on the number of books. Mao Yuanyi can take the academic as the classification standard, and open a new field of bibliography research. The Encyclopedia of martial arts, also known as "the Encyclopedia of martial arts written by Tianqi in 1621", was written by many people. There are more than 10 kinds of works written by song, yuan and Ming people.

member of family

Personal works

Mao Yuanyi has written more than 60 kinds of works in his life, including Wubei Zhi, Dushi Jiliao, Fu Liao Bian Yu, Shi Min Si Ji, Shi Min Bu Chu Ji, Xia Lao Zhai Za Ji, ye hang Shi Hua, Shi Min Shang Xin Ji, Yu Shui Ji, Jiang Cun Ji and Heng Tang Ji. However, due to repeated prohibitions and destruction, many of them have been lost, which has the most profound influence on later generations.

A detailed introduction to the book of war

Wubei Zhi is composed of five parts: military formula evaluation, strategic examination, array training system, military capital training, and Zhan Duzai.

1. 18 volumes of Bing Jue

collected seven books of Wu Jing, and selected some contents of Taibai Yin Jing and Huqian Jing for comments. It is believed that "there are six schools of military strategists in the pre Qin period, the former Sun Tzu and the later Sun Tzu can not be left behind" (the first year of Tianqi in Wubei annals, the same below).

2. Strategy 33

in chronological order, more than 600 war cases with reference value from the spring and Autumn period to the Yuan Dynasty were selected from a strategic perspective. The selection focuses on strategy, which is beneficial to people's will. For example, in the battle of Wu and Yue, Gou Jian's bravery and bravery; in the battle of Maling, Sun Bin's weakness and luring the enemy into an ambush; in the battle of Chibi, sun Liu's skillful use of fire to break Cao; in the battle of Feishui, Fu Jian's reckless advance and Xie Xuan's defense; in the battle of Hulao, Li Shimin's danger and conciseness, defeating the enemy; in the battle of caizhou, Li Guang's surprise attack by taking advantage of emptiness and so on. For example, Zhuge Liang's decision of taking Jingyi, hezhurong, jiesunquan, xiangwanluo, and going out of Qinchuan; Yue Fei's plan of camp field, lianheshuo, ramming the Central Plains, and restoring his native land; Genghis Khan's strategy of avoiding Tongguan, faking song Dao, going down to Tang and Deng, ramming Daliang, and so on. Most of the war cases recorded by him were won by means of intrigue and strategy, and there were comments on the most important points.

3. Making 41 volumes of array practice

divided into two parts: array and practice. Chen array, a collection of 319 array pictures from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, is more than Xuwu Jing Zongyao, with Zhuge Liang's eight array, Li Jing's six flower array and Qi Jiguang's Mandarin Duck array as details. There are theories and dialectics. "Record" contains the array established by "sages, kings and generals", which is widely publicized; while "debate" refers to the array of false entrustment and affiliation in Tang and Song Dynasties, which is cleared up. As for the ancient array, it is also called "Chen's theory of similarities and differences", in which "there are the most humble and improper ones, but the suitable ones are enough to confuse the world". This is also called "the new ones are deleted, and the Chen ones are attacked, so as to broaden the eyes of scholars". It is a detailed record of the methods of selecting scholars and training soldiers, including selecting scholars, compiling military personnel, suspending orders, rewards and punishments, teaching flags, and teaching arts. It is selected from the relevant military books of the Tang, song, and Ming Dynasties, especially the new book of Ji Xiao and Shi Ji of training soldiers. For example, compiling Wu, pushing Qi's methods of composing steps, riding, chariots and water; suspending orders, rewards and punishments, which are taken from the combat and training treaties in marching need to know and training facts. He thinks that "if you don't choose a scholar, you can't practice", "if you don't practice a scholar, you can't fight, you can't attack, you can't defend, you can't camp, you can't fight", so "training is the most important.". Mao Yuanyi believes that when the ancient array was lost, later generations made it up. The purpose of drawing these pictures is to rectify the original and correct the audio-visual. "Training" also includes five parts: selecting soldiers, arranging soldiers, hanging orders, teaching flags, and teaching arts. It records in detail the selection and training methods of soldiers, including the selection and elimination of soldiers, the organization of chariots, infantry, cavalry, and Northern soldiers, rewards and punishments, laws and regulations, teaching methods, and weapon training. The contents are mostly collected from Taibai Yinjing, Huqian Jing, marching need to know, Jixiao Xinshu, Shiji of military training and other military books.

4. Military funding by 55 volumes

It is divided into eight categories: battalion, war, attack, defense, water, fire, pay and horse. It has 65 items, covering a wide range of issues, such as setting up barracks on March, battle array, banners and orders, examining the enemy, attacking and defending cities, preparing gunpowder, making firearms, river and sea transportation, warships and horses, tuntian mining, grain and pay supply, human and horse medical care, etc. For example, there are 600 kinds of offensive and defensive equipment, chariots, ships, and various weapons. Among them, there are more than 180 kinds of firearms, which are used for land war, water war, aircraft type and mine type. They are the most in ancient Chinese military books.

5. Volume 93

it is divided into two parts: occupation and degree. Zhan is a kind of astrology, which mainly records astronomy and meteorology. The subheadings are sky, sun, moon, star, cloud, wind, rain, wind, fog, neon, haze, hail, lightning, frost, snow and ice, and five elements. This part of the content is to combine nature with human affairs, and think that a certain celestial phenomenon is often a sign of the impending occurrence of a certain human affairs. Such as "the sky is pale, the wind is bleak, the soldiers rise.". Du means Du Di, which records the important geographical records of soldiers, including Fangyu, zhenshu, Haiphong, jiangphong, Siyi, and navigation. It describes the geographical situation, dangerous fortresses, the situation of land and sea enemies, the deployment of military stations, governors and supervisors, the number of generals and soldiers, the source of military wealth and so on. It points out that when military strategists talk about geography, they have no general idea of public opinion, the number of registered soldiers, or the lack of fortresses and fortresses, "it's not because of this that they say military equipment, so I'm determined to be military equipment, and I'll take it as a measure.". It records the situation of mountains and rivers in Ming Dynasty, the distance of fortresses and roads, the establishment of prefectures and guard stations, the garrison of soldiers and horses, the governor and supervisor, the garrison generals, the amount of money, grain and soldiers, etc.

Selected Poems

[Wei Wang Fen Xiang]

The hero has a special heart and does not care about his children. Laugh at celebrities, love them

Chinese PinYin : Mao Yuan Yi