Emperor Taiwu

Tuobatao

Tuobatao (408-452, March 11), a native of Xianbei nationality, was born in Pingcheng (today's Datong City, Shanxi Province) in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The third emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the eldest son of emperor Tuoba of the Ming Dynasty, whose mother was empress Du of the Ming Dynasty.

Since he was young, tuobatao was intelligent and magnanimous. Taichang eight years (423 years), officially ascended the throne, age Shiguang, when 16 years old. With the ambition of "setting up four tables and mixing one army with China", he personally led the army to fight in danger. He made good use of cavalry, attacked Huxia, Beiyan, Beiliang, conquered Shanhu, subdued Shanshan, Qiuci, sogde and other western regions, expelled Tuyuhun, and unified northern China. To the north, Rouran drove the enemy thousands of miles. South attack Liu Song, "drink the Yangtze River.". It was called "yingtu Wulue, Shijia qiangu" by Liu Song Dynasty, surpassing Maodun and tanshihuai.

In the aspect of governing the country, tuobatao made great efforts to improve people's livelihood, advised agriculture and mulberry cultivation, greatly increased farmland and reduced taxes. They often recuperate, stop their martial arts and cultivate their culture, provide for orphans and the elderly, and appreciate the sufferings of the people. The implementation of regular script laid the foundation of Wei stele and facilitated people's literacy. It promoted the harmony between the officials and the people in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The promotion of propriety and Confucianism promoted the Sinicization of Xianbei nationality. Frugality rewards generosity. Don't be afraid of difficulties and dangers, expect things first. We should know the person well and give clear rewards and punishments. He attached great importance to the construction of the legal system, established the system of repeated death penalty, and often said: "the law, I share it with the world, how dare I despise it. "But at the end of the reign, the law enforcement was strict and too many innocent people were killed, so they often regretted.

In the second year of Zhengping (452), he was killed by Zhongchang Shizong AI. At the age of 45, he was granted the title of emperor Taiwu and the title of emperor Shizu.

Life of the characters

Early experience

In 408, tuobatao was born in Donggong, Pingcheng (today's Datong City, Shanxi Province). His father was tuobatao's eldest son. When tuobatao was born, his body and appearance were very different from ordinary people. His grandfather Daowu emperor tuobatao was very surprised and said happily, "this child must be able to achieve my career in the future."

In the sixth year of Tianci (409), Emperor Daowu tuobatao died. Tuobatao's father, Prince tuobatao, succeeded to the throne as emperor yuan of the Ming Dynasty.

On the second day of April in 422, the seventh year of Taichang, emperor yuan of the Ming Dynasty appointed tuobatao king of Taiping and appointed him prime minister and general. In May of the same year, tuobatao supervised state affairs. In November, tuobatao personally led the six armies out of zhensai. When emperor yuan of the Ming Dynasty was ill, he ordered tuobatao to take charge of the affairs of the central government. Tuobatao was intelligent and magnanimous.

Succeeding to the throne

On the sixth day of November, 423, the eighth year of Taichang reign, Tuo Ba Si, emperor yuan of Ming Dynasty, died. On the ninth day of November of the same year, tuobatao officially succeeded to the throne and became the third emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Resist tenderness

In the first year of Shiguang (424), shortly after tuobatao ascended the throne, Rouran Han he shenggai Khan Tatan led 60000 cavalry to attack Yunzhong (today's Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), killed and plundered officials and people, robbed property, and captured the old capital of Shengle (today's Helingeer County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). Tuo Batao led his cavalry to fight for it, but also fell into a tight encirclement. Only by fighting to the death did he make Rouran retreat. The gentle invasion restrained the power of the Northern Wei Dynasty, making it unable to further conquer other separatist regimes, and even more unable to move south to compete with the Liu and Song dynasties. Tuobatao also clearly realized this point, and proposed that if Rouran was not conquered first, he would be in trouble. Despite the opposition of the Empress Dowager and many ministers, he decided to go to the north with the support of Cui Hao.

In September of the first year of Shiguang (424), tuobatao gathered his soldiers and governed in the eastern suburbs, preparing for the northern expedition. In December, tuobatao personally marched out to join the United States (today's Liangcheng County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), led his own army into tunzhashan (today's Helingeer County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), met with Rouran cavalry led by afugan, decapitated thousands of horses and won more than 10000 horses.

In October of the second year of Shiguang (425), tuobatao once again ruled the western suburbs and made a large-scale northern expedition. He marched in the East and West simultaneously. The army went to the south of desert, gave up its supplies, rode lightly with 15 rations and attacked the desert. Rouran Khan Tatan panicked and led the people to flee to the north. Although the two northern expeditions did not make Rouran suffer a fatal blow, they made Rouran's invasion of the Northern Wei Dynasty moderate.

Attack and destroy Hu Xia

In the second year of Shiguang (425), he Liansheng, the founder of Hu Xia, died and his son he Lianchang succeeded to the throne. When tuobatao heard that the various scholars were attacking each other and there was a great chaos in Guanzhong, he took the opportunity to attack the West.

In September of the third year of Shiguang (426), Sikong Xijin led an army to attack Puban (now Yongji County, Shanxi Province), and song general Zhou Ji led an army to attack Shaan city (now Shaan County, Henan Province), and marched into Chang'an, an important town in Guanzhong. In October, he led a large army to Tongwancheng and traveled to Junzi Jin (now 90 kilometers northwest of Qingshuihe County, Inner Mongolia). The weather was very cold and the river was frozen. So he rode 20000 troops to cross the river from the ice and went to Heishui (now naoni River, a tributary of Wuding River on the North Bank of the Great Wall in Hengshan, Shaanxi Province). It was only 30 miles away from Tongwancheng All the officials were terrified when they heard the news. He Lianchang hastily led his troops to meet the enemy, but retreated after a big defeat. Before the gate was closed, the Wei army took advantage of the situation to attack Ximen. He Lianchang retreated into the palace and closed the door tightly. Tuo Batao saw that it was difficult for him to attack for a while, so he divided his troops and plundered four times the next day, got more than 100000 cattle and horses, and moved more than 10000 households back home. At the same time, the other two Wei armies successively occupied Hongnong (now Lingbao City, Henan Province), Puban and Chang'an.

In 427, when the Wei army attacked Hu Xiadu and Tongwancheng (baichengzi, Jingbian County, Shaanxi Province), tuobatao ambushed his main force in the valley and arrived directly under the city with a small number of cavalry, deliberately showing weakness and luring the garrison Xia army out of the strong city. When the Xia army went out of the city to pursue, he adopted Cui Hao's plan of sneaking out to attack later and won a complete victory. He captured he Lianchang, who was located in Pingliang.

In 430, tuobatao attacked Hu Xia again, and captured stable, Pingliang, Chang'an, Linjin, Wugong and other places. Hu Xia is dead in name (he lianding was killed by Tuyuhun after he destroyed the Western Qin Dynasty, and Hu Xia officially perished).

Unify the North

When tuobatao attacked Xia on a large scale, Rouran saw that the military of Wei had something to do with the West and repeatedly invaded the border. In the first year of Shenhu (428), more than ten thousand Rouran cavalry entered the great wall and plundered the border people. Therefore, tuobatao decided to carry out the Northern Expedition again.

In April of the second year of Shenhe (429), tuobatao led his troops in the southern suburbs and sent his generals. Sun Han, king of Pingyang, led the army from Xidao to da'e mountain, tuobatao led the army from Dongdao to Heishan (today's Helingeer County in Inner Mongolia), and met with Rouran Khan Court (today's territory of the people's Republic of Mongolia). In May, the Eastern Wei army arrived in Monan, gave up its supplies and attacked lightly. Da Tan Di pili first heard that the Wei army was coming to attack, and the marshals wanted to rescue him. When the Western Wei army arrived, he was defeated by the Wei army.

Tuobatao led the Wei army westward along Sushui river. In June, they reached tuyuanshui (tuhe River in the south of Hangai mountain in the people's Republic of Mongolia) which is more than 3700 li away from Pingcheng. The Wei army divided its troops to search and discuss, reaching Hanhai in the East, zhangyeshui in the West, and Yanran mountain in the north. Gaoche tribes, which were originally controlled by Rouran, also took the opportunity to get rid of Rouran, and successively moved to the West More than 300000 of them were attached to the Northern Wei Dynasty, and more than one million cattle and horses were acquired. In July, tuobatao led his troops back to the East and returned to Monan. He heard that Gaoche in the East was stationed in zenipi (today's Baikal Lake), where there were many people and animals. So he sent Zuopu sheanyuan and other cavalry troops to attack it, summoned hundreds of thousands of Gaoche in the East and plundered them to the areas controlled by the northern and southern Wei dynasties. In October, the Wei army triumphantly returned to Pingcheng.

In the first year of Yanhe (432), the later Wei Dynasty attacked Beiyan, and the master of Yan Feng Hong sent his youngest daughter (the Feng family of Zuo Zhaoyi) to the palace to make peace with his relatives. In the second year of Yanhe (433), the Wei Dynasty captured the state of Qiu Chi, which was established by the Yang family of Di people between the Song Dynasty and the Wei Dynasty. After the fall of Hu Xia, Beiliang was called a vassal to the state of Wei, and later Wei granted Juqu Mengxun, the king of Beiliang, the king of Liang.

In 436, the Wei army conquered Helong (now Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province), the capital of the northern Yan state.

In 439, the fifth year of Taiyan period, tuobatao personally conquered Beiliang. He took the last generation of Nanliang monarch, baldness and Tan's son, baldness and Po Qiang, as his guide, and subdued Beiliang towns without blood. Under the internal and external difficulties, the monarch, Juqu Muqian, was bound out with a hundred civil and military officials. Beiliang perishes.

In the nine years from 431 to 439, tuobatao eliminated Huxia, Beiyan and Beiliang successively, which ended the chaos of the disputes among the Sixteen States, and unified the northern Hu except Rouran and Tuyuhun under the banner of Wei Dynasty.

Some of the Ruoran tribes who fled to the west developed into the awals who were powerful in Europe.

Suppress gaiwu

To a certain extent, the political policies pursued by tuobatao were conducive to social stability and promoted the process of feudalization of Xianbei (some scholars claimed that Xibo was the descendant of Xianbei, but the evidence was not sufficient). However, tuobatao was a feudal emperor after all, and he did not get rid of the national boundaries, let alone stop the oppression and exploitation of the people of all ethnic groups. Therefore, during the period of tuobatao's rule, there were no national contradictions and conflicts Class contradictions are still very acute.

Lushuihu is a part of Xiongnu. It got its name from living in Lushui. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, it has lived in Huangzhong (now on both sides of Huangshui River in Qinghai Province), and then gradually distributed in Qin, long, Xingcheng (now southwest of Huangling County in Shaanxi Province) and other places. After the latter Wei Dynasty pacified Guanzhong, military towns were set up here to strengthen the control of Lushuihu. The government of the great Wei Dynasty migrated the Hu people in Lushui and increased their taxes. The sixth year of Taiping Zhenjun (445)

Chinese PinYin : Tai Wu Di