Ming Yingzong

Zhuqi town

Zhu Qizhen, Yingzong of Ming Dynasty (November 29, 1427 February 23, 1464), male, Han nationality, was the sixth (1435-1449) and eighth (1457-1464) Emperor of Ming Dynasty. He was the eldest son of Zhu Zhanji, Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty, and his mother was the sun family of empress Xiaogong Zhang.

Xuande ten years, officially ascended the throne, the year is orthodox. The state affairs were all run by the Empress Dowager Zhang, who appointed the "Sanyang cabinet" to take charge of the government and launched the battle of Luchuan, which led to the loss of comprehensive national strength. In the eighth year of Zhengtong, he was officially in charge of the government, worked hard to govern, and trusted Wang Zhen, which led to the eunuch's dictatorship. In the fourteenth year of Zhengtong (1449), Yujia personally attacked the growing Wara tribe of Mongolia, and the civil fort was defeated and captured. Empress Dowager sun joined forces with Yu Qian, the Minister of the Ministry of war, to support Zhu Qiyu, the king of Ying, to ascend the throne and become emperor, winning the battle of defending Beijing. Welcome Ming Yingzong back to Beijing and settle in Nangong. In the eighth year of Jingtai (1457), he instigated the change of seizing the gate, abolished Emperor Zhu Qiyu, killed Shaobao Yu Qian and famous general fan Guang, persecuted the loyal and meritorious officials of Jingtai Dynasty, regained the title of emperor and changed the Yuan Dynasty to Tianshun. Li Xian and others were appointed to recover Hu Shanxiang as the empress of gongrang, the descendants of Jianwen emperor were released, and the funeral system of imperial concubines was abolished. Later, Guo Deng, Yuan Bin and others were exiled by slander, and Menda, Pangao and other treacherous officials were reused. As a result, Yiyang King's family died unjustly, and hundreds of thousands of refugees' uprisings broke out among the people, which once again damaged the national strength of Ming Dynasty recovered from Jingtai period.

He died in 1464. His posthumous title was FA Tian Li Dao Ren Ming Cheng Jing Zhao Wen Xian Wu Zhi de Guang Xiao Rui emperor. His temple name was Yingzong. He was buried in the Ming Tombs of Yuling.

(general picture source)

Life of the characters

Young emperor

On November 11, 1427, sun Guifei gave birth to Zhu Qizhen, the eldest son of Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty. In February of the next year, Zhu Qizhen was the crown prince, and his mother, the grand concubine, was the queen.

In 1435, Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty died, and Zhu Qizhen, the crown prince of the Ming Dynasty, ascended to the throne. In the following year, he changed the orthodox system, and honored the Empress Dowager Zhang as the empress dowager, and the empress sun as the Empress Dowager.

Before Zhu Qizhen ascended the throne, it was rumored in the palace that the Empress Dowager Zhang intended to establish Zhu Zhanlong as emperor. The Empress Dowager summoned a group of ministers, pointed to the crown prince Zhu Qizhen and said that this is the new king, and supported Zhu Qizhen to ascend the throne smoothly. Xinjun was only nine years old. He was in charge of a few doubts. His ministers asked the Empress Dowager Zhang to listen to the government behind the curtain. The Empress Dowager refused. Even so, state affairs are still in the hands of the Empress Dowager Zhang.

Zhang's status was respected, but he did not attach importance to his family members, and even did not allow his relatives to interfere in state affairs. He also called Wang Zhen to scold for three days, which effectively hit Wang Zhen and made Wang Zhen dare not do bad things when she was in power. At that time, Wang Zhen was not too arrogant. It can be seen that Zhang's vision was far away. She made great use of the old ministers since Renxuan, among whom Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong and Yang Pu were well-known, known as "Three Yang" in history. During the period when Sanyang was an assistant minister of the cabinet, he stabilized the border defense, rectified the administration of officials, and developed the economy, which made the Ming Dynasty prosperous. There is a saying in the seventh volume of Yu Tang Cong Yu written by Jiao Hong of Ming Dynasty: "in the orthodox period, Wen Zhen (Yang Shiqi) was the Western Yang, and Wen Min (Yang Rong) was the eastern Yang, because he was the second. Wending (Yang Pu) Jun Wang, each book South County, then called South Yang. Western Yang has talent, Eastern Yang has industry, southern Yang has degree. Therefore, when it comes to the virtuous Prime Minister of our Dynasty, it must be called Sanyang. "

In the early years of Zhengtong, the Empress Dowager and Sanyang had a good way of governing the country, and the Ming Dynasty was quite prosperous. In 1440, Yang Rong died (posthumous title is Wenmin); in 1443, the Empress Dowager Zhang died (posthumous title is empress chengxiaozhao); in 1444, Yang Shiqi died (posthumous title is Wenzhen); in 1446, Yang Pu died (posthumous title is wending).

With the death of Sanyang, Empress Dowager Zhang Shihong and eunuch Wang Zhen, who had been trusted by the Emperor Zhu Qizhen, began to make waves. Orthodox politics began to slide. At that time, the emperor grew up from a young emperor into a hot-blooded young man with a great ambition to stabilize the country. He made great efforts to govern the country in the early days of his reign.

Yingzong's Northern Expedition

The northern expedition of Ming Yingzong, also known as the northern expedition of Ming Yingzong, refers to the three large-scale northern expeditions launched by Zhuqi town in the third year of Zhengtong (the battle of yijinai), the sixth year of Zhengtong (the battle of Fengzhou) and the ninth year of Zhengtong (the battle of yikelesu).

Another trip to the West

In the eighth year of Zhengtong, Emperor Yingzong of Ming Dynasty ordered Guo Yan to build a seagoing ship to the west, sent hefandu to command Ma Yun to the west, and then went to the west to contact xuanweisi of old port, Waifu of Manchuria, dalaguanchang of Sumen, chadigang pumping station and Guli Guanchang again. In the thirteenth year of Zhengtong, Zhao Wang, a military guard of the government, returned from the west, offering purple sandalwood, jiaozhangye fan, and lost Chile leaf paper. Chu Wang and others entered the Western Ocean with eunuch Hong Bao, and the boat was defeated and floated to the kingdom of Bu (Baigu, a word for ganpu). He became a monk according to his national custom. Later, he heard that his place was close to 800 Dadian in Yunnan Province, so he left for Dejian. At the beginning of the Western voyage, there were 300 people in the boat and only 100 people in the kingdom of Bu. In 18 years, only Wang and other three people returned. I was given the money for clothes and ordered to be a monk at Baoen temple in Nanjing. After the restoration of Yingzong, he wanted to restart his journey to the west again, but because of Zhang Zhao's opposition, he gave up.

The battle of Luchuan

During the Xuanzong period of Ming Dynasty, he gave up jiaozhicheng to announce the political envoy, which triggered a geopolitical earthquake and caused unrest in Yunnan.

Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty ordered the southern provinces to raise food and pay, and sent the southern soldiers to stabilize the situation. Li Xian wrote the miscellaneous records of Gu'an, which said that Lu Chuan was rebellious at the beginning of his life, but Shu Sheng was still there. At that time, he only sent people to announce the imperial court's favor and power, forgive his sins and pacify him, but he did not necessarily refuse to do so, so he lightly raised his troops. He did not appoint (MU) Sheng, but sent another general, so that Wang Shi was defeated. "The king of Shi zhencao's handle is full of anger, and the king's Ji is his intention." It is a common point of view in the records of Ming Dynasty's national history that it is a big mistake to recruit Luchuan. Zhang Zhichun holds the opposite view in Nanyuan manlu. What he has to do is a correct decision. "Although the evil of Fu Zhen can't be described, the incident of Lu Chuan, which is the main event of Fu Zhen, has its own merits in terms of the national system, interests, loyalty and loyalty, and long-term plans. Otherwise, it will be ruined by both China and foreign countries for more than 70 years. I don't know how many times the barbarians have been in turmoil. How can it be so? " Zhang Zhichun further analyzed the cause of the mistake, which was completely the result of Yang Shiqi and Wang Shu's unilateral listening to the "hidden praise" of Mu's descendants, "Li (Xian) then thought it was true, and wrote in the book with his accommodation, without further examination.". Li Xian, Yang Shiqi and Wang Shu are well-known ministers. "In history, in affairs, and then not all the fallacies are reversed, to the province of lifelong Mo". "In spite of the truth, as for this, what will the future generations rely on? It's a pity The Minister of the late Ming Dynasty also scolded Sanyang in the anthology, believing that they were "the same husband jumping over the beam" and "the sinners of Wenzong".

Tumu Crisis

Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty expelled the Tartars and settled the Central Plains. Emperor Chengzu moved his capital to Beijing during the northern expedition of the Ming Dynasty. Mongolia is the only one to drive out and guard against. Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty fled back to Mobei, and the Northern Yuan Dynasty was divided into two parts: Wala and Tatar. Between Wala and Tatar, they vie for supremacy. During the three years of Ming Dynasty, Yang's invasion of the Ming Dynasty gradually became more and more powerful. In particular, the powerful faction of Wala, the grand master, often cheated the Ming Dynasty for various rewards in the name of tribute. Because the Ming Dynasty claimed to be the kingdom of heaven, no matter what the tribute was, the envoys would always be reciprocated, and the rewards were quite generous, and they were distributed according to their heads. In this case, the number of envoys increased continuously at first, and finally reached more than 3000.

At that time, eunuch Wang Zhen, who reviewed the government, was quite dissatisfied with this and ordered to reduce the reward. In the name of this, he sent his troops to Datong and threatened Beijing. Emperor Zhu Qizhen was in his twenties. His grandmother and a group of senior officials had already passed away. It was a good time for him to show his fists. He was annoyed to see that the Tartars in the north were so presumptuous. Wang Zhen took this opportunity to encourage the emperor and suggested that he drive himself. The Emperor didn't listen to the minister's advice. First, he imitated his father, Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty, who had defeated the king of Han Dynasty on the advice of Yang Rong. Second, in order to prove himself, what's more, the Ming Dynasty was so powerful that he was just a barbarian?

At that time, the main forces of the imperial court were in other places, and it was difficult to assemble in a hurry. So the emperor assembled 200000 people from the vicinity of the capital, known as 500000 troops, to fight personally. In order to persuade his mother, Empress Dowager sun, he made his two-year-old Prince Zhu Jianshen the crown prince, and let his brother Zhu Qiyu, the king of Ying, supervise the country.

When the army went out, it rained heavily. When the army arrived near Datong, they found corpses everywhere. In addition, the supply of food and grass in the rear was not enough, so the morale of the army was shaken. So the emperor wanted to withdraw. Wang Zhen in order to take into account the emperor's face, this did not go back to the army for a long time, too shameful, he proposed a detour Weizhou. At the same time, Wang Zhen's hometown is in Yuzhou. If the emperor returns to his hometown with him, wouldn't he have time to blow his head and raise his eyebrows?

Yuzhou is very close to Datong, and the warra army's approach to Datong is not for fun. The ministers objected, feeling that such a delay would be dangerous. Wang Zhen did not listen, but the emperor sympathized with Wang Zhen and gave him a chance to show his face. The army is ready to leave for Yuzhou.

Unexpectedly, Wang Zhen, on a whim, worried that the army would pass by and trample on his own crops, suggested that the army should withdraw along the same way. When the army arrived near Huailai, the supplies did not catch up. So Wang Zhen ordered to stay in place and wait.

Just outside the city of Huailai, the Wara army caught up with the Ming army and trapped the emperor and others in the fort. The water was cut off and the army was in turmoil. Therefore, when the Ming army first made a false peace, it was deceived. The Ming army was unprepared to launch a general attack and annihilate it at one stroke. Emperor Zhu Qizhen captured

Chinese PinYin : Ming Ying Zong