Liu Chan

Liu Chan

Liu Chan (SH à n) (207-271), Han nationality, namely emperor Xiaohuai of Shu Han Dynasty, also known as empress, also known as Gongsi, nicknamed a dou. During the Three Kingdoms period, the last emperor of Shu Han (223-263) was the son of Liu Bei, Emperor zhaolie of Han Dynasty. His mother was Gan, empress zhaolie.

Liu Chan was born in Jingzhou in his early years. He suffered many disasters and was saved by General Zhao Yun. After Liu Bei conquered Yizhou and established Shuhan, he became the crown prince. In the third year of Zhangwu (223), he succeeded to the throne of emperor Jianxing. He trusted his father Zhuge Liang and supported the northern expedition. In the later period, he ignored the government and trusted the eunuch Huang Hao. In 263, general Sima Zhao of the state of Wei sent Zhong Hui and Deng AI to attack Shu, and Liu Chan surrendered to Deng AI. After the fall of the Shu Han Dynasty, Liu Chan was granted the title of Duke Anle, and his ministers were moved to Luoyang.

In 271, Liu Chan died in Luoyang at the age of 65. His posthumous title was Si. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan, an aristocrat of Xiongnu, called himself Emperor and established the Zhao regime of the Han Dynasty.

Life experience

Early experience

Liu Chan was born in 207, the 12th year of Jian'an. He was born to Mrs. Gan, Liu Bei's concubine.

In September of the 13th year of Jian'an (208), Cao Cao sent Cao chun to lead 5000 tigers and leopards to ride on Changbanpo to defeat Liu Bei. Liu Bei led Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and dozens of others to flee without his wife. Liu Chan, who was in his infancy, was protected by Zhao Yun.

In the 17th year of Jian'an (212), Liu Chan was taken back to the east Wu by his stepmother, Mrs. sun, and was intercepted by Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun.

In the 24th year of Jian'an (219), Liu Bei became the king of Hanzhong and the crown prince.

In the first year of Zhangwu (221), Liu Bei became emperor, established Shuhan and became crown prince. In order to let Liu Chan have a wide range of knowledge and master the ability of governing the country, Liu Bei asked him to learn more books such as Shenzi, Han Feizi, Guanzi and LiuTao. Zhuge Liang copied these books for him to learn, and made him study Zuozhuan as a teacher. Not only that, but also to learn martial arts. According to the records of the whole world, "shooting at the mountain is 15 miles north of Chengdu County, where Liu zhuchan learned to shoot."

Marquis Wu's assistant administrator

In April 223, Liu Bei died in Yongan palace. In May, Liu Chan succeeded to the throne and became emperor in Chengdu at the age of 17. Empress Wu was honored as empress dowager. Amnesty for the whole world, reform and prosperity. At the beginning of Liu Chan's succession to the throne, according to Liu Bei's imperial edict, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister, was in charge of the administration. In the same year, Zhang Fei, the daughter of Liu Chan, became Queen. In this year, there were four rebellions in Shu Han Dynasty. First, Zhu Bao, the prefect of Yao county, occupied the county and rebelled. Then, Gao Ding, the king of Yi, set up troops. In order to stabilize the situation, Zhuge Liang sent shangshulang dengzhi to the state of Wu to repair relations with Sun Quan.

In the spring of the second year of Jianxing (224), he devoted himself to the development of agricultural production, stopped fighting and let the people recuperate.

In March of the third year of Jianxing (225), the prime minister Zhuge Liang led the army to attack the four southern counties. All the four counties were pacified, so Yizhou county was changed to Jianning County, which was divided into Jianning county and Yongchang County to form Yunnan county, and Jianning county and Zhuo county to form Xinggu county. In December, Zhuge Liang returned to Chengdu.

From the sixth year of Jianxing (228) to the twelfth year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang fought against Cao Wei many times during the northern expedition, and both sides won and lost each other.

Zhuge Liang died in August of the 12th year of Jianxing (234). Wei Yan, the great general of the western expedition, and Yang Yi, the prime minister, fought with each other for power. Wei Yan was defeated and fled. Yang Yi killed Wei Yan and led all the troops back to Chengdu. Liu Chan pardoned the whole world and appointed general Wu Yi of Zuo as a general of motorcycles to guard Hanzhong on holiday. He appointed Shi Jiangwan, the prime minister's residence chief, as the Minister of state affairs.

In charge of the government alone

In the first month of the 13th year of Jianxing (235), Yang Yi was demoted as a commoner and moved to Hanjia county. In April of Xia, Jiang Wan was promoted to general. In April of 236, the 14th year of Jianxing, Liu Chan went to Jianxian county to visit Guanban and watch the Wenshui River. Ten days later, he returned to Chengdu. In the same year, Fu Jian, king of Wudu Di, asked to surrender to Shu Han. Liu Chan sent generals Jiang Wan and Zhang Wei to meet him, but Fu Jian did not come at the appointed time. Jiang Wan was very worried about this. Zhang Yi estimated: "Fu Jian's request for surrender is very sincere, and there will be no change. I usually hear that Fu Jian's younger brother is very cunning, and the Hu people can't come and return together. I'm afraid there will be mutiny, so I'm stuck on the way." A few days later, Fu Jian's younger brother took 400 families to the state of Wei. Only Fu Jian came to surrender, and Liu Chan moved them all to Guangdu.

In the first month of the first year of Yanxi's reign (238), Liu Chan established the empress Zhang, the sister of the former empress. Amnesty, change of year. The crown prince Liu Yu was the crown prince, and the crown prince Liu Yao was the king of Anding. In November, general Jiang Wan led his troops out of Chengdu and settled in Hanzhong.

In March of the second year of Yanxi reign (239), Liu Chan issued an imperial edict, promoted Jiang Wan to be a great Sima, and established a government to administer affairs.

In the third year of Yanxi's reign (240 years), the local people of Yuejun county made trouble. Liu Chan sent Zhang Yi to pacify the rebellion and develop Yuejun county to open up the road between Yuejun county and Chengdu.

In the fifth year of Yanxi's reign (242), the great Sima Jiang Wan built a boat and prepared to go east along the Han River and Mian River to capture Shangyong and other three eastern counties. Liu Chan called together the ministers of the court to discuss the matter. The court held that although it was easy to send troops by water, it was not easy to retreat if it failed. Therefore, Liu Chan sent the minister to order Fei Yi and Jiang Wei to Hanzhong to persuade Jiang Wan. After discussing with Fei Yi and Jiang Wei, Jiang Wan thought that Qiang Hu people had a Han family and could connect with them, so he wrote to Liu Chan. This time, Liu Chan agreed with Jiang Wan and sent General Ma Zhong of Annan to Hanzhong to preach the imperial edict. He appointed Jiang Wei as the governor of Liangzhou and was responsible for connecting the qianghu. After Ma Zhong returned to the imperial court, Liu Chan worshipped Ma Zhong as the general of Zhennan.

In August 245, the Empress Dowager Wu died of illness. Liu Chan buried the Empress Dowager in Huiling, the former Emperor.

In the first month of the 12th year of Yanxi (249), Sima Yi, the supreme Fu of Cao Wei, launched a coup. Xia Houba was forced to come to Shu Han. However, he lost his way because he didn't know the road in Shu. Because the mountain road was difficult to walk, Xia Houba got off his horse and couldn't find his way after walking. Liu Chan immediately sent someone to meet him. After seeing Xia Houba, Liu Chan comforted him and said, "your father died on the battlefield, not by my ancestors." Liu Chan pointed to his son and said, "this is the nephew of the Xiahou family." So he worshipped xiahouba as a general of motorcycles.

In the year of jingyaoyuan (258), Chen Zhi, the general of the town army, died, and Huang Hao, the eunuch, began to intervene in political affairs.

In the fifth year of Jingyao (262), Jiang Wei saw that Huang Hao was unscrupulous and good at taking photos of the imperial government, and set out to play Liu Chan and executed him. However, Liu Chan disagreed, saying that Huang Hao was just a small man and didn't need to care too much. Liu Chan ordered Huang Hao to apologize to Jiang Wei, but Jiang Wei saw that Huang Hao was in the middle of the court, which might be bad for him. Right general Yan Yu combined with some people to abolish Jiang Wei. Jiang Wei was very afraid of this, so he asked to settle down in Dazhong and did not dare to return to Chengdu.

Surrender after the fall of the nation

In the sixth year of Jingyao (263), Jiang Wei heard that Zhong Hui was going to rule the army in Guanzhong, so he wrote to Liu Chan to transfer troops to prepare for it. But Huang Hao told Liu Chan that the enemy would not come, so Liu Chan didn't take it seriously. As a result, all the officials of Shu Han didn't know about it.

In the summer of the same year, Wei Sima Zhao sent Zhong Hui, Deng AI and Zhuge Xu to attack Shu. Liu Chan sent Zhang Yi, Liao Hua and Dong Jue to resist the enemy. Jiang Wei leads the crowd to block more than 100000 troops of Zhong Hui in the sword Pavilion, but Deng AI sneaks into Yinping and goes straight to Chengdu. After discussing with the officials, Liu Chan decided to send zhugezhan to lead the troops in Fu to resist the enemy. Although zhugezhan defeated Deng Aijun's forward at the beginning, zhugezhan didn't listen to Huang Chong's advice and occupied a dangerous position, and finally died in Mianzhu.

Liu Chan once again convened the officials to discuss the countermeasures, and Qiao Zhou, the Guanglu doctor, strongly advocated surrender. Liu Chen, the king of the north, asked to fight against the city, but Liu Chan didn't agree, so he killed his wife first and then committed suicide. Huo Yi, the nanzhong garrison, also asked to lead troops to guard Chengdu, but Liu Chan still didn't agree. Finally, Liu Chan obeyed Qiao Zhou's suggestion and surrendered to Deng Aijun.

After Liu Chan surrendered, he ordered Jiang Wei, who held fast to the sword Pavilion, to surrender to the Zhong Hui army. Jiang Wei pretended to surrender to the Zhong Hui army, prepared to kill the Wei general with the help of the Zhong Hui army, and then revived the Shu Han Dynasty and wrote a secret letter to Liu Chan. It only took a few days. But because of the leak, Jiang Wei and Zhang Yi were killed. The Shu Han Dynasty was completely destroyed.

Spend the rest of your life in peace

After the death of Shu Han, Liu Chan moved to Luoyang, the capital of Wei state, and was granted the title of Duke of Anle county. Liu Chan spent the rest of his life happily in Luoyang.

In 271, Liu Chan passed away, and the Jin Dynasty gave him the posthumous title of Sigong.

In the first year of Yongxing (304), Liu Yuan started an incident. His name was Han Dynasty, and his posthumous title Liu Chan was Emperor Xiaohuai.

Historical evaluation

Zhuge Liang: the imperial court is 18 years old, talented and benevolent, corporal ed.

Mengda: it's time to become the prince of ah Dou, and those who know him will feel cold.

Zhang Wen: now your majesty, with a wise attitude, has always been in charge of a hundred prime ministers in Liangzuo, and has won the honor of being a member of the Imperial Academy.

Sima Zhao: the ruthlessness of human beings can be achieved! Although Zhuge Liang is here, he can't help him for a long time?

Li Mi: Qi Huan got Guan Zhong to dominate, and he used vertical Diao to kill insects. It is a matter of knowing success or failure that the Duke of Anle won Zhuge Liang and resisted Wei, and let Huang Hao die.

Chen Shou: the later director, the virtuous prime minister, is the king of reason, and the confused and castrated prime minister is the king of darkness. It is said that "plain silk is impermanent, only what it is dyed". Believe it! In the third year of Zhang Wu's reign, it was changed to Jianxing. In addition, the state did not set up history, and there were no official notes, which meant that there were many deeds left behind and disasters swept the books. Although Zhuge Liang was good at governing, there was still something like this. However, it is not easy to be named after twelve years of age, and the military has thrived

Chinese PinYin : Liu Chan